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Hard drives form the basis of our computing. The use of computers comes down to manipulating data, and the hard drive is, of course, where we store all our data; family albums, music, work documents, email, the list goes on.
Most of the components in your computer are electronic devices. They don’t fail with time like a mechanical device such as a car. But your hard drive is one of the few mechanical devices used in modern computing, and as such, it’s destined to die eventually.
It’s important to learn to recognize the warning signs of an imminent hard drive failure, since you might not have the budget for an extensive back-up system, so you can rescue all that data before it’s lost—sometimes forever, not retrievable at any cost.
Why do hard drives fail?
Logical Failures
Logical failures occur when the electronics of the hard drive failure or the software (firmware) has a problem. This kind of failure is usually the cheapest and easiest to have fixed. Unfortunately, it’s also an uncommon failure.
Media Failures
If the hard drive has been handled roughly, or the magnetic platters are scratched, have read/write errors or low-level formatting problems, this is a media failure. These are also relatively uncommon. Once the platters are scratched, the data should be considered scrapped.
Head Failures
A head failure occurs when the read/write head crashes into the platters (the head crash), has an “improper flying height” or the wiring between the logic board and the head is faulty—among other failures related to malfunction of the read/write head. This is a common failure. The head crash is particularly nasty.
Mechanical Failures
Mechanical failures probably make up the bulk of hard drive failures. The motor burns out, the drive overheats, bearings get stuck—the kind of thing you’d expect to find when a car fails. These can be nasty but if the failure didn’t affect the platters, you might have a chance of recovery, but at a cost.
How do I find out when it’s going to fail before it fails?
That’s not always possible, and sometimes a hard drive will just die—but it’s still important to keep an eye on the symptoms of an imminent hard drive so you have the chance to back-up your data and get professional help.
Hard drives are incredibly sensitive bits of hardware, so don’t try to crack it open and have a look inside unless you know what you’re doing. And most definitely ensure that if you do crack it open, the platters don’t get exposed to the open air—hard drives can only be opened in Class 100 clean rooms or they’re pretty much instantly destroyed by dust.
It’s a lot easier to back-up than to get your data recovered. Once you detect any of the signs of failure you need to ensure that you have a back-up and if not, make one. Then when the drive dies, you can claim your warranty if you still have it, or buy a new drive, and be on your way.
Recovery can cost thousands and thousands of dollars; it sure is a ridiculous amount to pay, but there’s not much you can do but shop around and find the best price. The cost of transferring a back-up onto a brand new drive is much cheaper than having a recovery specialist do the same for you.
Strange Noises
Sometimes hearing strange grinding and thrashing noises means your drive is beyond repair—for instance, if you’ve had a head crash, it very often is. Or it could just be that the motor has failed or your hard drive is grinding away because of noisy bearings. If you’re hearing strange noises then act very, very quickly—you probably don’t have much time.
Disappearing Data and Disk Errors
computer won’t let you save a document? Or you’re sure that you had a file on your desktop yesterday that’s nowhere to be seen today? Programs that always worked suddenly stop working, asking where a file it depends on is stored?
These are all potential signs that your hard drive is on its way out. Of course, it could be that your kids moved your files for fun or a virus is eating through them, but disappearing data is never a good sign for your drive if you can rule out those alternative causes.
Your computer stops recognizing your drive
This may seem obvious, but if your computer no longer recognizes your drive chances are there’s a problem with it, not the computer. Test it in a friend’s computer and see if your hard drive is recognized by it.
Often, this will be a logical failure—unless you can hear strange noises that indicate a severe mechanical or head problem.
2008年8月7日星期四
How to Read E-Books
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Nobody has figured out a way to read that adequately replaces the way we read traditional paper books, but that isn’t always important — and some solutions come pretty close! There are a number of ways to read e-books:
* On your computer screen: This is probably the least preferred way to read e-books. But it’s fine for short pieces — you read on the Internet at your computer, right? It’s also fine for quickly looking at reference material like an encyclopedia or computer manual. * PDA/smartphone/iPhone: I’ve read dozens of books on my old Palm IIIe, when I lived in New York and took the subway a lot. iPhones are supposed to be particularly nice to read on. Most PDAs and smartphones come with some kind of pre-installed e-book reader, or you can easily download Mobipocket, Microsoft Reader, or a range of other programs depending on your device’s operating system. * Dedicated devices: New devices with “electronic ink” technology come very close to reproducing the appearance of printed text on paper pages (although the background is closer to “pulp fiction gray” than “first edition white”). There are several devices on the market, but the leaders are: * The Kindle: With built-in wireless Internet to download books on the fly and the support of Amazon’s extensive inventory of e-books, the Kindle was a surprise hit — especially considering how ugly it is! * The Sony eReader: Better looking than the Kindle, but lacking the wireless Internet. Both devices use basically the same screen and cost about the same. Because the e-ink technology used in the screen only uses electricity to change the screen (e.g. to turn pages), battery life on both devices is quite high — unless you use the built-in mp3 player or the Kindle’s wireless Internet services. * Paper: I often print out longer works that I don’t want to read on a screen, especially if it’s likely I’ll be holding onto and re-reading it. Save paper by using your printer’s “multiple pages per sheet” function and printing on both sides; I also keep a ream of paper with pre-drilled holes handy so I can stick printed out books straight into a binder. E-books can be quite practical — there’s a universe of great literature, history, science, how-to, and reference material available at a moment’s notice, often for free. What could be wrong with that?
If you know of other sites where good e-books can be found, if you have a favorite way to read e-books that I haven’t listed here, or if there’s a program you especially like, let us know in the comments!
Nobody has figured out a way to read that adequately replaces the way we read traditional paper books, but that isn’t always important — and some solutions come pretty close! There are a number of ways to read e-books:
* On your computer screen: This is probably the least preferred way to read e-books. But it’s fine for short pieces — you read on the Internet at your computer, right? It’s also fine for quickly looking at reference material like an encyclopedia or computer manual. * PDA/smartphone/iPhone: I’ve read dozens of books on my old Palm IIIe, when I lived in New York and took the subway a lot. iPhones are supposed to be particularly nice to read on. Most PDAs and smartphones come with some kind of pre-installed e-book reader, or you can easily download Mobipocket, Microsoft Reader, or a range of other programs depending on your device’s operating system. * Dedicated devices: New devices with “electronic ink” technology come very close to reproducing the appearance of printed text on paper pages (although the background is closer to “pulp fiction gray” than “first edition white”). There are several devices on the market, but the leaders are: * The Kindle: With built-in wireless Internet to download books on the fly and the support of Amazon’s extensive inventory of e-books, the Kindle was a surprise hit — especially considering how ugly it is! * The Sony eReader: Better looking than the Kindle, but lacking the wireless Internet. Both devices use basically the same screen and cost about the same. Because the e-ink technology used in the screen only uses electricity to change the screen (e.g. to turn pages), battery life on both devices is quite high — unless you use the built-in mp3 player or the Kindle’s wireless Internet services. * Paper: I often print out longer works that I don’t want to read on a screen, especially if it’s likely I’ll be holding onto and re-reading it. Save paper by using your printer’s “multiple pages per sheet” function and printing on both sides; I also keep a ream of paper with pre-drilled holes handy so I can stick printed out books straight into a binder. E-books can be quite practical — there’s a universe of great literature, history, science, how-to, and reference material available at a moment’s notice, often for free. What could be wrong with that?
If you know of other sites where good e-books can be found, if you have a favorite way to read e-books that I haven’t listed here, or if there’s a program you especially like, let us know in the comments!
A Beginner’s Guide to E-Books
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In the last year, e-books have started taking off in a big way. E-books have been around for a long time, of course, but a few events in the last year suggest that they’re really starting to get traction as a viable alternative to paper-based reading. One is the success of e-books like Leo Babauta’s Zen to Done (read my review). Another is the emergence of e-book-only publishing concerns and widespread self-publishing made possible by the availability of cheap tools and widespread Internet access. The third is the release of viable e-book readers, especially the Kindle.
Another sign of the success of e-books, though, is not such a happy one: the huge glut of poorly written, scammy, second- and third-rate e-books that has suddenly started flooding the market. As with music and video, the Internet has made publishing and distributing books easy and next to free, and it can be hard to find anything worth reading.
Still, there’s some gems out there if you know where to look. For those of you who are just discovering e-books, or are ready to take another look, I offer this basic guide to finding and reading e-books, with a few tips and tricks thrown in.
E-Book FormatsThere are dozens of different formats out there, all intended for different devices and platforms. Here’s a quick overview of the most popular ones:
* PDF: Adobe’s Portable Document Format is the leading format for e-books, since it can perfectly simulate the appearance of the printed page. * LIT: Microsoft’s LIT format is used by Microsoft Reader, available for Windows-based PCs and mobile devices. LIT files look nice, but are often copy-protected and have limited functionality. * MOBI: A portable document format created by Mobipocket (which runs on Windows PCs and just about every kind of smartphone or PDA), MOBI picked up steam recently when it was adopted, albeit in a slightly modified form, by the Kindle. * Plain Text (txt) and HTML: Standard file types that can be used by just about every device known. TXT files lack any formatting. How to Find E-BooksThere are thousands, maybe millions, of sites offering e-books on the Internet, but here are a few good ones:
* Amazon: Of course Amazon has e-books, with just about any recent mainstream book for sale. Your favorite online retailer probably carries e-books, too. * Project Gutenberg: Millions of free, public domain books, generally available in text and HTML formats. Includes just about any classic book you can think of from before 1923, and a few more recent books. Wowio: Beautifully formatted books, including some fairly recent mainstream books, all free. * The Internet Archive: The Internet Archive is scanning books in libraries around the world and making them available for free in a range of formats, including searchable PDFs of the original page images. They have about half-a-million texts so far, and counting. * Baen Free Library: A pioneer in the e-book field, Baen makes selected titles from it’s line of science fiction and fantasy books available for free download. Lots of good stuff for SF fans! * Free-ebooks.net: A huge directory of free e-books, most of which are self-published. You’ll have to do some digging to find quality stuff here, but there are plenty of good books to be found with some patience. * Web Warrior Tools: Founded by two of the stars of the personal productivity blogosphere, Leo Babauta of Zen Habits and Glen Stansberry of LifeDev, Web Warrior Tools offers a collection of books devoted to topics like better email, podcasting, and other lifehack-y subjects. * Memoware: Memoware includes tens of thousands of public domain books, formatted for a wide range of portable devices. They also have a premium bookstore where more current, mainstream books can be bought. * Fictionwise: A huge e-book bookstore, specializing in SF, with titles formatted for a range of devices. Check out their always-changing selection of free e-books drawn from their collection.
In the last year, e-books have started taking off in a big way. E-books have been around for a long time, of course, but a few events in the last year suggest that they’re really starting to get traction as a viable alternative to paper-based reading. One is the success of e-books like Leo Babauta’s Zen to Done (read my review). Another is the emergence of e-book-only publishing concerns and widespread self-publishing made possible by the availability of cheap tools and widespread Internet access. The third is the release of viable e-book readers, especially the Kindle.
Another sign of the success of e-books, though, is not such a happy one: the huge glut of poorly written, scammy, second- and third-rate e-books that has suddenly started flooding the market. As with music and video, the Internet has made publishing and distributing books easy and next to free, and it can be hard to find anything worth reading.
Still, there’s some gems out there if you know where to look. For those of you who are just discovering e-books, or are ready to take another look, I offer this basic guide to finding and reading e-books, with a few tips and tricks thrown in.
E-Book FormatsThere are dozens of different formats out there, all intended for different devices and platforms. Here’s a quick overview of the most popular ones:
* PDF: Adobe’s Portable Document Format is the leading format for e-books, since it can perfectly simulate the appearance of the printed page. * LIT: Microsoft’s LIT format is used by Microsoft Reader, available for Windows-based PCs and mobile devices. LIT files look nice, but are often copy-protected and have limited functionality. * MOBI: A portable document format created by Mobipocket (which runs on Windows PCs and just about every kind of smartphone or PDA), MOBI picked up steam recently when it was adopted, albeit in a slightly modified form, by the Kindle. * Plain Text (txt) and HTML: Standard file types that can be used by just about every device known. TXT files lack any formatting. How to Find E-BooksThere are thousands, maybe millions, of sites offering e-books on the Internet, but here are a few good ones:
* Amazon: Of course Amazon has e-books, with just about any recent mainstream book for sale. Your favorite online retailer probably carries e-books, too. * Project Gutenberg: Millions of free, public domain books, generally available in text and HTML formats. Includes just about any classic book you can think of from before 1923, and a few more recent books. Wowio: Beautifully formatted books, including some fairly recent mainstream books, all free. * The Internet Archive: The Internet Archive is scanning books in libraries around the world and making them available for free in a range of formats, including searchable PDFs of the original page images. They have about half-a-million texts so far, and counting. * Baen Free Library: A pioneer in the e-book field, Baen makes selected titles from it’s line of science fiction and fantasy books available for free download. Lots of good stuff for SF fans! * Free-ebooks.net: A huge directory of free e-books, most of which are self-published. You’ll have to do some digging to find quality stuff here, but there are plenty of good books to be found with some patience. * Web Warrior Tools: Founded by two of the stars of the personal productivity blogosphere, Leo Babauta of Zen Habits and Glen Stansberry of LifeDev, Web Warrior Tools offers a collection of books devoted to topics like better email, podcasting, and other lifehack-y subjects. * Memoware: Memoware includes tens of thousands of public domain books, formatted for a wide range of portable devices. They also have a premium bookstore where more current, mainstream books can be bought. * Fictionwise: A huge e-book bookstore, specializing in SF, with titles formatted for a range of devices. Check out their always-changing selection of free e-books drawn from their collection.
How Do I Make My Computer Faster Than Normal?
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This is a common question among PC users. Most computer users will encounter systems that are slow and unresponsive at some point of their computer using lives. If you think that owning a recently purchased computer exempts you from this problem, you are sadly mistaken. Even the latest computers will slow down eventually if preventive measures aren't taken. Let's examine several simple steps we can take to speed up our computer.
#1 Registry cleaner
Every computer has a registry. Information stored in registries can never be deleted nor removed. Instead, this information gets overwritten multiple times. As such, this increases the chances of corrupted and redundant files. Having too much irrelevant information stored in the registry can cause the computers slow down. This is because the computer now has to wade through a junkyard full of digital waste before reaching to the information it wants. To ensure that your registry stays junk-free, simply use a registry cleaner to clear out all redundant files. A registry cleaner will help you to sieve out corrupted files and ensure that only the right set of information is being stored in the registry. RegCure and Reg Mechanic two of the most popular registry cleaners that you can find off the shelves in any computer shop. But if you think that you are not ready to part with your money, then try using the all-free CCleaner. It works just as well as other paid registry cleaners too.
This is a common question among PC users. Most computer users will encounter systems that are slow and unresponsive at some point of their computer using lives. If you think that owning a recently purchased computer exempts you from this problem, you are sadly mistaken. Even the latest computers will slow down eventually if preventive measures aren't taken. Let's examine several simple steps we can take to speed up our computer.
#1 Registry cleaner
Every computer has a registry. Information stored in registries can never be deleted nor removed. Instead, this information gets overwritten multiple times. As such, this increases the chances of corrupted and redundant files. Having too much irrelevant information stored in the registry can cause the computers slow down. This is because the computer now has to wade through a junkyard full of digital waste before reaching to the information it wants. To ensure that your registry stays junk-free, simply use a registry cleaner to clear out all redundant files. A registry cleaner will help you to sieve out corrupted files and ensure that only the right set of information is being stored in the registry. RegCure and Reg Mechanic two of the most popular registry cleaners that you can find off the shelves in any computer shop. But if you think that you are not ready to part with your money, then try using the all-free CCleaner. It works just as well as other paid registry cleaners too.
Selling Your Business Online
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Of course you can sell your product on the internet. But you can sell your Business there, too. Many business owners looking to sell their business don't realize they can use the internet to make the selling process go more smoothly. Online business-for-sale marketplaces allow sellers to reach a large number of potential buyers and provide resources for owners considering putting their Business up for sale.
Mike Handelsman, general manager of San Francisco-based BizBuySell, the internet's largest business-for-sale marketplace, answers sellers' questions about listing a Business for sale online.
Q:What should a seller do to prepare for listing a Business for sale online?
A: Allowing yourself enough time is key. Too often, people try to rush their business to market and run into complications during the selling process as a result. Allow several months between making the decision to sell and making the Business available online. During this time, figure out your company's financial situation so that you can present this information to prospective buyers.
Once you put the business up for sale, have all of the information relating to potential growth and revenue, past performance and Business costs on hand. Putting the time and effort into preparing these figures in advance will tell potential buyers that you know what you're doing and give them more confidence in you.
Q:How can sellers determine a fair asking price for a particular Business when using an online marketplace?
A: Online marketplaces often provide tools for determining a fair, standard selling price based on comparable Businesses, geographic area, gross income and cash flow.
For example, if you're listing a restaurant, you could access a report that breaks down pricing information for that specific type of Business and its location. A full-service restaurant might be priced at 33 percent of annual sales, as opposed to 40 to 50 percent for a fast food restaurant. More specifically, a fast food restaurant specializing in hamburgers might sell for 35 percent of annual sales, while a pizza restaurant would generally sell for around 30 percent.
Also, our data indicate that restaurants typically sell for an average of 85 percent of sellers' original asking prices. So if you're a restaurant owner wanting to sell your Business for $200,000, you may want to ask for $235,000.
Q:Are certain types of Businesses easier to sell online than others?
A: Our data from 2006 show that the largest category--nearly 15 percent--of Business listings were restaurants, so those are the type most frequently purchased. Another popular category is service establishments, including auto repair shops and dry cleaners.
However, people have listed and sold a variety of Businesses, from web design firms to furniture manufacturers.
Q:Are Business in certain geographic areas bought and sold online more frequently?
A: Yes, last year Florida had the most Business listings on our site, at nearly 15 percent, followed by California, New York, Texas, New Jersey and Arizona.
Q:What tips do you have for creating a Business-for-sale listing?
A: Providing the right information is imperative. There's a fine line between providing so few details that prospects don't take notice and providing so many that your Business' confidentiality is compromised.
The key is providing the most information possible without giving away the identity of the business. It's important to give viewers an idea of the general location of the Business, but don't post the street address, phone number or address in the listing. Instead, create a separate e-mail address and phone number for inquiries from potential buyers. If you have to provide further detail, make the recipient sign a nondisclosure agreement.
It sometimes helps to tell potential buyers why you're selling the Business. If you're honest, people tend to be less skeptical.
Once you list your Business, you might find that certain questions come up repeatedly in inquiries. This can serve as a guide for what you should add to your listing if ongoing editing is possible.
Q:How can a seller tell a serious buyer from one who isn't likely to follow through?
A: The best way to pick out serious prospects from the rest is to ask potential buyers questions about how long they have planned on buying, how they plan on financing the Business and how much money they have for a down payment. This kind of informal interview will allow you to determine whether the prospect is worth pursuing.
On the other hand, sellers also should be sure to follow through. We hear from many buyers who say they're interested in a specific Business listed, but can't get the seller to communicate.
Using an online Business-for-sale marketplace is a two-way street. Successful transactions require open communication and attention to detail from both buyers and sellers.
Of course you can sell your product on the internet. But you can sell your Business there, too. Many business owners looking to sell their business don't realize they can use the internet to make the selling process go more smoothly. Online business-for-sale marketplaces allow sellers to reach a large number of potential buyers and provide resources for owners considering putting their Business up for sale.
Mike Handelsman, general manager of San Francisco-based BizBuySell, the internet's largest business-for-sale marketplace, answers sellers' questions about listing a Business for sale online.
Q:What should a seller do to prepare for listing a Business for sale online?
A: Allowing yourself enough time is key. Too often, people try to rush their business to market and run into complications during the selling process as a result. Allow several months between making the decision to sell and making the Business available online. During this time, figure out your company's financial situation so that you can present this information to prospective buyers.
Once you put the business up for sale, have all of the information relating to potential growth and revenue, past performance and Business costs on hand. Putting the time and effort into preparing these figures in advance will tell potential buyers that you know what you're doing and give them more confidence in you.
Q:How can sellers determine a fair asking price for a particular Business when using an online marketplace?
A: Online marketplaces often provide tools for determining a fair, standard selling price based on comparable Businesses, geographic area, gross income and cash flow.
For example, if you're listing a restaurant, you could access a report that breaks down pricing information for that specific type of Business and its location. A full-service restaurant might be priced at 33 percent of annual sales, as opposed to 40 to 50 percent for a fast food restaurant. More specifically, a fast food restaurant specializing in hamburgers might sell for 35 percent of annual sales, while a pizza restaurant would generally sell for around 30 percent.
Also, our data indicate that restaurants typically sell for an average of 85 percent of sellers' original asking prices. So if you're a restaurant owner wanting to sell your Business for $200,000, you may want to ask for $235,000.
Q:Are certain types of Businesses easier to sell online than others?
A: Our data from 2006 show that the largest category--nearly 15 percent--of Business listings were restaurants, so those are the type most frequently purchased. Another popular category is service establishments, including auto repair shops and dry cleaners.
However, people have listed and sold a variety of Businesses, from web design firms to furniture manufacturers.
Q:Are Business in certain geographic areas bought and sold online more frequently?
A: Yes, last year Florida had the most Business listings on our site, at nearly 15 percent, followed by California, New York, Texas, New Jersey and Arizona.
Q:What tips do you have for creating a Business-for-sale listing?
A: Providing the right information is imperative. There's a fine line between providing so few details that prospects don't take notice and providing so many that your Business' confidentiality is compromised.
The key is providing the most information possible without giving away the identity of the business. It's important to give viewers an idea of the general location of the Business, but don't post the street address, phone number or address in the listing. Instead, create a separate e-mail address and phone number for inquiries from potential buyers. If you have to provide further detail, make the recipient sign a nondisclosure agreement.
It sometimes helps to tell potential buyers why you're selling the Business. If you're honest, people tend to be less skeptical.
Once you list your Business, you might find that certain questions come up repeatedly in inquiries. This can serve as a guide for what you should add to your listing if ongoing editing is possible.
Q:How can a seller tell a serious buyer from one who isn't likely to follow through?
A: The best way to pick out serious prospects from the rest is to ask potential buyers questions about how long they have planned on buying, how they plan on financing the Business and how much money they have for a down payment. This kind of informal interview will allow you to determine whether the prospect is worth pursuing.
On the other hand, sellers also should be sure to follow through. We hear from many buyers who say they're interested in a specific Business listed, but can't get the seller to communicate.
Using an online Business-for-sale marketplace is a two-way street. Successful transactions require open communication and attention to detail from both buyers and sellers.
10 Life Lessons From Your Fruit Bowl
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On 11 December 2007 author Terry Pratchett announced online and with glorious good humour that he’d been diagnosed with a rare form of Alzheimer’s disease.The news still shocks me, partly because it’s the first time I’ve heard the phrase “eat the arse out of a dead mole” in a press release, but mainly because it’s always a crying shame when terrible things happen to brilliant people.I wanted to help. In an interview with The Times two days later, Pratchett cheerfully told me that I simply wasn’t qualified: “I know it’s a very human thing to say, “Is there anything I can do?” but in this case I would only entertain offers from very high-end experts in brain chemistry.”
I flunked chemistry and biology with crying colours, so I turned to a more traditional way of exploring the problem; I picked up a good book. The hardback I chose was “Going Postal” by the great man himself. On page 17 Pratchett gives a wonderful life lesson that I’d like to share with you today.
Getting past the pineappleGoing Postal tells the story of a skilled con artist forced to turn his life around to change the world for the better. In the opening scene, our troubled trickster ponders the meaning of life while seconds away from death at the gallows:
“What you had to do in this life was get past the pineapple, Moist told himself. It was big and sharp and knobbly, but there might be peaches underneath.”
What a wonderful little nugget of philosophy—a lesson in living from a fruit bowl! Only Pratchett could take a pineapple, add the word “knobbly”, and create a neatly-formed metaphor for overcoming hardship. Here’s what it teaches us:
10 lessons in life from your fruit bowl1. The juicy fruit is often underneathThere will be times when life gets sharp and knobbly. Your challenge is to keep on smiling and look for the tasty treats underneath. It’s a question of balance: without hardship, the good times wouldn’t exist. Never give up—getting past the pineapple is what it’s all about.
2. Wear lightweight armourEver bitten into a whole pineapple? Didn’t think so. They’re tough old beasts at the worst of times, and so should you be. You want a solid outer shell to repel anyone trying to attack you, but you don’t need to harden up as far as the pineapple and dissuade people from talking to you altogether. Those in a full suit of wet copper armour don’t tend to be very approachable. (As Pratchett jokes—especially not in a thunder storm.)
3. Be patientThe moment a pineapple is picked, the fruit stops ripening. It’s a simple idea and a powerful one. Many people seem in a rush to ‘become’ something. Whether it’s a famous musician, a great designer or a problogger, don’t hurry to ripen. Your heroes became famous through hard work and good fortune and you’ll have to do the same. There’s no magic ticket — just take your time and enjoy the ride. Fame should be an added bonus; never a goal.
4. Aim for the sunFew fruits grow in heavy shade. Fewer still revel in the darkness. This creates a lovely two-step metaphor for living: first, you have to leave the darkness of anonymity and actually put yourself out there, both online and off. Second, you have to do something unique if you want to really be noticed — the tallest fruit trees rarely grow in the shade of others.
5. Respect your parentsMost fruit ripens to the point where it’s mature — then it drops and is no longer dependent on the tree. If you’re a parent, you’ll be laughing heartily at this metaphor! People aren’t like fruit, of course — we can call on our parents for life. (I chose simply never to mature!) Treasure the connection with your folks and try to really get to know them through your adult life. They probably have more to offer than you think.
On 11 December 2007 author Terry Pratchett announced online and with glorious good humour that he’d been diagnosed with a rare form of Alzheimer’s disease.The news still shocks me, partly because it’s the first time I’ve heard the phrase “eat the arse out of a dead mole” in a press release, but mainly because it’s always a crying shame when terrible things happen to brilliant people.I wanted to help. In an interview with The Times two days later, Pratchett cheerfully told me that I simply wasn’t qualified: “I know it’s a very human thing to say, “Is there anything I can do?” but in this case I would only entertain offers from very high-end experts in brain chemistry.”
I flunked chemistry and biology with crying colours, so I turned to a more traditional way of exploring the problem; I picked up a good book. The hardback I chose was “Going Postal” by the great man himself. On page 17 Pratchett gives a wonderful life lesson that I’d like to share with you today.
Getting past the pineappleGoing Postal tells the story of a skilled con artist forced to turn his life around to change the world for the better. In the opening scene, our troubled trickster ponders the meaning of life while seconds away from death at the gallows:
“What you had to do in this life was get past the pineapple, Moist told himself. It was big and sharp and knobbly, but there might be peaches underneath.”
What a wonderful little nugget of philosophy—a lesson in living from a fruit bowl! Only Pratchett could take a pineapple, add the word “knobbly”, and create a neatly-formed metaphor for overcoming hardship. Here’s what it teaches us:
10 lessons in life from your fruit bowl1. The juicy fruit is often underneathThere will be times when life gets sharp and knobbly. Your challenge is to keep on smiling and look for the tasty treats underneath. It’s a question of balance: without hardship, the good times wouldn’t exist. Never give up—getting past the pineapple is what it’s all about.
2. Wear lightweight armourEver bitten into a whole pineapple? Didn’t think so. They’re tough old beasts at the worst of times, and so should you be. You want a solid outer shell to repel anyone trying to attack you, but you don’t need to harden up as far as the pineapple and dissuade people from talking to you altogether. Those in a full suit of wet copper armour don’t tend to be very approachable. (As Pratchett jokes—especially not in a thunder storm.)
3. Be patientThe moment a pineapple is picked, the fruit stops ripening. It’s a simple idea and a powerful one. Many people seem in a rush to ‘become’ something. Whether it’s a famous musician, a great designer or a problogger, don’t hurry to ripen. Your heroes became famous through hard work and good fortune and you’ll have to do the same. There’s no magic ticket — just take your time and enjoy the ride. Fame should be an added bonus; never a goal.
4. Aim for the sunFew fruits grow in heavy shade. Fewer still revel in the darkness. This creates a lovely two-step metaphor for living: first, you have to leave the darkness of anonymity and actually put yourself out there, both online and off. Second, you have to do something unique if you want to really be noticed — the tallest fruit trees rarely grow in the shade of others.
5. Respect your parentsMost fruit ripens to the point where it’s mature — then it drops and is no longer dependent on the tree. If you’re a parent, you’ll be laughing heartily at this metaphor! People aren’t like fruit, of course — we can call on our parents for life. (I chose simply never to mature!) Treasure the connection with your folks and try to really get to know them through your adult life. They probably have more to offer than you think.
Online Ordering-Dont!
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I got it into my head sometime in December 2004 that I wanted order a laptop computer. I thought I would get one from the hugely popular computer company that allows you to call their 800 number and custom order what you want. Presto, like magic, it appears at your doorstep in days.
Since I live in Mexico, I was forced to order from their online site-in Spanish. The company designed this site for Mexicans only. The order form required four names, a common custom in Latin America, and something called a "RFC" number. At the time I hadn't clue what that was.
I tried filling out the form the best I could, inserting my credit card number, but it would not send and rejected all my attempts. The site was insistent that I had to have four names and an "RFC" number. So I made up something! I put my mother's maiden name and my social security number on the recalcitrant form.
It went through. A customized, popular name brand laptop was on its way! Within days I would finally own a computer whose American TV commercials ("Dude you're getting a ______!") had convinced me that its brand would make my computing life complete.
The next day, the wife and I trudge down to the local Internet Caf to check on my order.
"YOUR ORDER WAS REJECTED-BAD CREDIT CARD!"
That was in my yahoo.com inbox. Of course, I said slapping my forehead, the 4th name (Mom's maiden name) caused the bank to reject the charge.
Home we stomped to call the free 800 number, only it wasn't a free call from Mexico. I talked, screamed, cried, begged, wailed, and threatened until someone, at last, agreed he would fix the problem and send me a computer. Only it was not to be.
On their website, you can check on the status of your order. I did that several days later only to find another nasty message telling me because they could not charge my credit card, they stopped making the computer. Huh?
Back Home, I went to call them again at International Long-Distance rates. This time, the wife gets on the phone because I was lying prostrate on the bed with a cold cloth on my forehead uttering curses at "Dude you're getting a _______!"
My wife spoke with a friendly person who told her the company made a mistake. They would correct it ASAP and told her not to worry.
I moaned in agonizing defeat, "Tell that woman I want to cancel the order!"
When the wife did, they told her they had already shipped the computer and that they would charge us a percentage of the computer's cost to return it as well as the shipping charges both ways. Ok. I changed my mind and said fine. Three weeks passed and no laptop. Each time I
checked, there was no charge on our credit card for this computer.
do it from the conception of the initial idea to driving up to their new Home in another country. Now the potential expatriate can benefit from their more than three years of pre-expat research to their more than two years of actually living in Mexico. The Plain Truth about Living in Mexico answers the potential expatriate's questions by leading them through the process from the beginning to the end. In this comprehensive guide, you will learn not only how-to expatriate but will learn what to expect, in daily life, before coming to Mexico.
Defiantly, I told our landlady, who intercepts all our mail and deliveries, to refuse anything from "Dude you're getting a ________!" Off we went to buy a Compaq Presario desktop here in Mexico (with which we are pleased as punch!).
We took our Christmas vacation in Puerto Vallarta for 12 days and, on our return, we got a phone call from an International Courier service announcing the delivery of a laptop computer from "Dude you're getting a _____!"
Shock, hysterical laughter, murderous rage?these were the emotions that flooded my mind. With the phone receiver shaking in my hand, I told this guy, "I do not want it; send it back."
To this day we have heard not a word from "Dude you're getting a _____!", nor has any charge appeared on our credit card for the customized laptop which they went to great lengths, I am assuming, to construct according to my specifications and sent to us anyway.
I expect them to show up at the door someday wanting their computer back or demanding the money. I plan turning the dogs loose on them and scream as they run for their lives, "Dudes you are NOT getting a _____!"
Expatriates Doug and Cindi Bower have successfully expatriated to Mexico, learning through trial and error how to
I got it into my head sometime in December 2004 that I wanted order a laptop computer. I thought I would get one from the hugely popular computer company that allows you to call their 800 number and custom order what you want. Presto, like magic, it appears at your doorstep in days.
Since I live in Mexico, I was forced to order from their online site-in Spanish. The company designed this site for Mexicans only. The order form required four names, a common custom in Latin America, and something called a "RFC" number. At the time I hadn't clue what that was.
I tried filling out the form the best I could, inserting my credit card number, but it would not send and rejected all my attempts. The site was insistent that I had to have four names and an "RFC" number. So I made up something! I put my mother's maiden name and my social security number on the recalcitrant form.
It went through. A customized, popular name brand laptop was on its way! Within days I would finally own a computer whose American TV commercials ("Dude you're getting a ______!") had convinced me that its brand would make my computing life complete.
The next day, the wife and I trudge down to the local Internet Caf to check on my order.
"YOUR ORDER WAS REJECTED-BAD CREDIT CARD!"
That was in my yahoo.com inbox. Of course, I said slapping my forehead, the 4th name (Mom's maiden name) caused the bank to reject the charge.
Home we stomped to call the free 800 number, only it wasn't a free call from Mexico. I talked, screamed, cried, begged, wailed, and threatened until someone, at last, agreed he would fix the problem and send me a computer. Only it was not to be.
On their website, you can check on the status of your order. I did that several days later only to find another nasty message telling me because they could not charge my credit card, they stopped making the computer. Huh?
Back Home, I went to call them again at International Long-Distance rates. This time, the wife gets on the phone because I was lying prostrate on the bed with a cold cloth on my forehead uttering curses at "Dude you're getting a _______!"
My wife spoke with a friendly person who told her the company made a mistake. They would correct it ASAP and told her not to worry.
I moaned in agonizing defeat, "Tell that woman I want to cancel the order!"
When the wife did, they told her they had already shipped the computer and that they would charge us a percentage of the computer's cost to return it as well as the shipping charges both ways. Ok. I changed my mind and said fine. Three weeks passed and no laptop. Each time I
checked, there was no charge on our credit card for this computer.
do it from the conception of the initial idea to driving up to their new Home in another country. Now the potential expatriate can benefit from their more than three years of pre-expat research to their more than two years of actually living in Mexico. The Plain Truth about Living in Mexico answers the potential expatriate's questions by leading them through the process from the beginning to the end. In this comprehensive guide, you will learn not only how-to expatriate but will learn what to expect, in daily life, before coming to Mexico.
Defiantly, I told our landlady, who intercepts all our mail and deliveries, to refuse anything from "Dude you're getting a ________!" Off we went to buy a Compaq Presario desktop here in Mexico (with which we are pleased as punch!).
We took our Christmas vacation in Puerto Vallarta for 12 days and, on our return, we got a phone call from an International Courier service announcing the delivery of a laptop computer from "Dude you're getting a _____!"
Shock, hysterical laughter, murderous rage?these were the emotions that flooded my mind. With the phone receiver shaking in my hand, I told this guy, "I do not want it; send it back."
To this day we have heard not a word from "Dude you're getting a _____!", nor has any charge appeared on our credit card for the customized laptop which they went to great lengths, I am assuming, to construct according to my specifications and sent to us anyway.
I expect them to show up at the door someday wanting their computer back or demanding the money. I plan turning the dogs loose on them and scream as they run for their lives, "Dudes you are NOT getting a _____!"
Expatriates Doug and Cindi Bower have successfully expatriated to Mexico, learning through trial and error how to
God Bless The Refrigerator Magnet
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Ah, my very favorite promotional product of all, the refrigerator magnet. They are my favorite, because they are so extremely inexpensive, and extremely effective in getting your company name seen in countless locations.
They don't make the greatest commission for a salesman of advertising specialties, but I can't stop myself from recommending these little beauties first and foremost to my new customers and prospects. And the reason is so simple. They WORK! I've yet to approach anyone in any kind of Business where I don't feel that a refrigerator magnet will be effective advertising. Granted, some are more suited than others, but I still maintain that they'd be of use to any Business.
Domino's Pizza is notorious for giving out a magnet with deliveries that includes their logo and the phone number of the local store. I worked for Domino's when I was a young guy, as a delivery driver. Often, whenever sales would dip a little, or the manager was bucking for a prize, we would go "door hanging". Boy did these door hangers produce strong results. Inexpensive marketing that had proven itself time and time again. My fellow employees and I would spend time in a "slow" neighborhood, hanging these on the door knobs of as many Homes and apartments as we could, and the results would be immediate. sales would shoot through the roof! If a crew went out "door hanging" you could count on a lot of calls coming in that evening from the area you'd just targeted, for the next 3 days. The problem with these door hangers is, they're paper, and they wind up in the trash, rather quickly.
A refrigerator magnet, almost always ? always winds up on the refrigerator. And there it stays, for a long, long time. What other conventional advertising stays in a Home that long? A commercial, printed advertisement, a radio address, nothing ? stays as long as the magnet. And no matter what is put on the fridge, be it your child's neatest drawing of a hairy fire truck, or their lunch menu at school, what's on the very top? The beautiful, blessed magnet sporting YOUR company logo!
Let's say you own a heating and a/c company. You get a call from a referral, or yellow page ad. You show up, fix the problem the customer is happy with the work you've done, the price you charged, and then you or one of your service technicians leaves. Three, or four years go by, and this same customer's a/c breaks down. He says to his wife, "honey, what was the name of that company we used last time?" Who can remember that long ago? Had the customer been left with a refrigerator magnet, had the service tech actually physically went and put it on this customer's fridge the last time he was over, the number would be right there waiting for him. What if this time, he's going to need his complete a/c unit replaced? That's one heck of a sale to miss out on.
Now most men will probably gripe at me for this one, but c'est la vie. Let's say you're a florist. A young teen boy calls to get a mum for his girlfriend for Homecoming or a corsage for prom or roses for Valentines. You deliver the item(s) with a refrigerator magnet. Months roll by, and the teen girl's father wakes up and realizes TODAY is his anniversary, and he didn't buy his wife a gift! Trust me; his immediate thought goes to flowers. The old faithful, the default at any time, flowers. He's going to have them delivered to her work. He remembers the "free delivery" comment on the magnet of your shop, and goes right to it. He calls the number and places his order. Without the magnet, he would have called AAAAmanda's Flowers in the yellow pages.
Ah, my very favorite promotional product of all, the refrigerator magnet. They are my favorite, because they are so extremely inexpensive, and extremely effective in getting your company name seen in countless locations.
They don't make the greatest commission for a salesman of advertising specialties, but I can't stop myself from recommending these little beauties first and foremost to my new customers and prospects. And the reason is so simple. They WORK! I've yet to approach anyone in any kind of Business where I don't feel that a refrigerator magnet will be effective advertising. Granted, some are more suited than others, but I still maintain that they'd be of use to any Business.
Domino's Pizza is notorious for giving out a magnet with deliveries that includes their logo and the phone number of the local store. I worked for Domino's when I was a young guy, as a delivery driver. Often, whenever sales would dip a little, or the manager was bucking for a prize, we would go "door hanging". Boy did these door hangers produce strong results. Inexpensive marketing that had proven itself time and time again. My fellow employees and I would spend time in a "slow" neighborhood, hanging these on the door knobs of as many Homes and apartments as we could, and the results would be immediate. sales would shoot through the roof! If a crew went out "door hanging" you could count on a lot of calls coming in that evening from the area you'd just targeted, for the next 3 days. The problem with these door hangers is, they're paper, and they wind up in the trash, rather quickly.
A refrigerator magnet, almost always ? always winds up on the refrigerator. And there it stays, for a long, long time. What other conventional advertising stays in a Home that long? A commercial, printed advertisement, a radio address, nothing ? stays as long as the magnet. And no matter what is put on the fridge, be it your child's neatest drawing of a hairy fire truck, or their lunch menu at school, what's on the very top? The beautiful, blessed magnet sporting YOUR company logo!
Let's say you own a heating and a/c company. You get a call from a referral, or yellow page ad. You show up, fix the problem the customer is happy with the work you've done, the price you charged, and then you or one of your service technicians leaves. Three, or four years go by, and this same customer's a/c breaks down. He says to his wife, "honey, what was the name of that company we used last time?" Who can remember that long ago? Had the customer been left with a refrigerator magnet, had the service tech actually physically went and put it on this customer's fridge the last time he was over, the number would be right there waiting for him. What if this time, he's going to need his complete a/c unit replaced? That's one heck of a sale to miss out on.
Now most men will probably gripe at me for this one, but c'est la vie. Let's say you're a florist. A young teen boy calls to get a mum for his girlfriend for Homecoming or a corsage for prom or roses for Valentines. You deliver the item(s) with a refrigerator magnet. Months roll by, and the teen girl's father wakes up and realizes TODAY is his anniversary, and he didn't buy his wife a gift! Trust me; his immediate thought goes to flowers. The old faithful, the default at any time, flowers. He's going to have them delivered to her work. He remembers the "free delivery" comment on the magnet of your shop, and goes right to it. He calls the number and places his order. Without the magnet, he would have called AAAAmanda's Flowers in the yellow pages.
Gearing Up for Bad Credit Mortgages
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Mortgage would have never happened, had mortgages been a no profit venture for the mortgagees or the mortgage providers. The lender receives much more than he had actually lent. And you feared that you would not qualify for the mortgages having a bad credit history. Mortgagees somehow find ways to match borrowers with the offers available with them in order to have your Business.
Bad credit mortgages are mortgages offered to people whose credit history has been adversely tainted. Sub-prime lenders make a special provision for people with an adverse credit history. But, it is crucial to escape lenders who pose as sub-prime lenders, but are actually overcharging them. There is a misconception in the minds of people that having a bad credit lessens their chances of getting a mortgage. In fact they take the offer as if it is the best that they can get.
We cannot expect the mortgage providers to not differentiate between those with a good credit history and those who have not. This however does not mean that the borrower must accept all terms on the mortgage without questioning their validity. There are many mortgage providers in the UK and the case will match some or other lender if a proper and exhaustive search is made. There are a few tips which could be used to reduce the intensity of the differentiation.
The trust having been botched because of the bad credit can be restored somewhat by advancing a certain percentage of the mortgage amount as a deposit. The lender is more concerned about the security of the amount lent when he decides to not offer mortgages to people with a poor credit history. With the borrower offering a part of the mortgage, the lender can be assured that the borrower will not default.
A mortgage protection will also go a long way in instilling faith in the lenders. However these will involve an extra payment from the borrower. This often deters the borrowers from taking mortgage protection. The borrower already burdened with the monthly repayments to the mortgage feels mortgage protection as a nuisance. However, one must take mortgage protection as a bitter pill which will be helpful in crisis situations like death, illnesses, and unemployment. Lenders get the impression that the borrower is more concerned about the repayment of the mortgage.
The decision to advance mortgages is made after viewing the credit report. The credit report is prepared by the credit reference agencies. Many a times there are discrepancies in the credit report. It is necessary to apply for a correction in the credit report as many lenders may disqualify at the very sight of a bad credit. It is also necessary to get the credit report from all the credit reference agencies as there might be differences between them.
Before planning to not pay the next installment on the bad credit mortgage, the borrowers must keep this in mind. There is not always a second chance available. While lenders had faith on you in offering mortgages this time, they would not have it the next time. So, it is better to be regular in making payments to the mortgages. This will also help in an improvement in the credit history.
Andrew baker has done his masters in finance from CPIT. He is engaged in providing free, professional, and independent advice to the residents of the UK.He works for the secured loan web site ukfinanceworld for any type of uk secured and unsecured loan please visit
Mortgage would have never happened, had mortgages been a no profit venture for the mortgagees or the mortgage providers. The lender receives much more than he had actually lent. And you feared that you would not qualify for the mortgages having a bad credit history. Mortgagees somehow find ways to match borrowers with the offers available with them in order to have your Business.
Bad credit mortgages are mortgages offered to people whose credit history has been adversely tainted. Sub-prime lenders make a special provision for people with an adverse credit history. But, it is crucial to escape lenders who pose as sub-prime lenders, but are actually overcharging them. There is a misconception in the minds of people that having a bad credit lessens their chances of getting a mortgage. In fact they take the offer as if it is the best that they can get.
We cannot expect the mortgage providers to not differentiate between those with a good credit history and those who have not. This however does not mean that the borrower must accept all terms on the mortgage without questioning their validity. There are many mortgage providers in the UK and the case will match some or other lender if a proper and exhaustive search is made. There are a few tips which could be used to reduce the intensity of the differentiation.
The trust having been botched because of the bad credit can be restored somewhat by advancing a certain percentage of the mortgage amount as a deposit. The lender is more concerned about the security of the amount lent when he decides to not offer mortgages to people with a poor credit history. With the borrower offering a part of the mortgage, the lender can be assured that the borrower will not default.
A mortgage protection will also go a long way in instilling faith in the lenders. However these will involve an extra payment from the borrower. This often deters the borrowers from taking mortgage protection. The borrower already burdened with the monthly repayments to the mortgage feels mortgage protection as a nuisance. However, one must take mortgage protection as a bitter pill which will be helpful in crisis situations like death, illnesses, and unemployment. Lenders get the impression that the borrower is more concerned about the repayment of the mortgage.
The decision to advance mortgages is made after viewing the credit report. The credit report is prepared by the credit reference agencies. Many a times there are discrepancies in the credit report. It is necessary to apply for a correction in the credit report as many lenders may disqualify at the very sight of a bad credit. It is also necessary to get the credit report from all the credit reference agencies as there might be differences between them.
Before planning to not pay the next installment on the bad credit mortgage, the borrowers must keep this in mind. There is not always a second chance available. While lenders had faith on you in offering mortgages this time, they would not have it the next time. So, it is better to be regular in making payments to the mortgages. This will also help in an improvement in the credit history.
Andrew baker has done his masters in finance from CPIT. He is engaged in providing free, professional, and independent advice to the residents of the UK.He works for the secured loan web site ukfinanceworld for any type of uk secured and unsecured loan please visit
路由器、交换机、MODEM、HUB的功能及区别
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路由器、交换机、MODEM、HUB的作用和不同之处，下面以大家参考：
字串5
集线器--集线器也叫Hub，工作在物理层（最底层），没有相匹配的软件系统，是纯硬件设备。集线器主要用来连接计算机等网络终端。集线器为共享式带宽，连接在集线器上的任何一个设备发送数据时，其他所有设备必须等待，此设备享有全部带宽，通讯完毕，再由其他设备使用带宽。正因此，集线器连接了一个冲突域的网络。所有设备相互交替使用，就好象大家一起过一根独木桥一样。 集线器不能判断数据包的目的地和类型，所以如果是广播数据包也依然转发，而且所有设备发出数据以广播方式发送到每个接口，这样集线器也连接了一个广播域的网络。 交换机--交换机Switch，工作在数据链路层（第二层），稍微高端一点的交换机都有一个操作系统来支持。和集线器一样主要用于连接计算机等网络终端设备。交换机比集线器更加先进，允许连接在交换机上的设备并行通讯，好比高速公路上的汽车并行行使一般，设备间通讯不会再发生冲突，因此交换机打破了冲突域，交换机每个接口是一个冲突域，不会与其他接口发生通讯冲突。并且有系统的交换机可以记录MAC地址表，发送的数据不会再以广播方式发送到每个接口，而是直接到达目的接口，节省了接口带宽。但是交换机和集线器一样不能判断广播数据包，会把广播发送到全部接口，所以交换机和集线器一样连接了一个广播域网络。
字串2 高端一点的交换机不仅可以记录MAC地址表，还可以划分VLAN（虚拟局域网）来隔离广播，但是VLAN间也同样不能通讯。要使VLAN间能够通讯，必须有三层设备介入。 路由器--路由器Router，工作在网络层（第三层），所有的路由器都有自己的操作系统来维持，并且需要人员调试，否则不能工作。路由器没有那么多接口，主要用来进行网络与网络的连接。 简单的说路由器把数据从一个网络发送到另一个网络，这个过程就叫路由。路由器不仅能像交换机一样隔离冲突域，而且还能检测广播数据包，并丢弃广播包来隔离广播域，有效的扩大了网络的规模。在路由器中记录着路由表，路由器以此来转发数据，以实现网络间的通讯。路由器的介入可以使交换机划分的VLAN实现互相通讯。 集线器：纯硬件、用于连接网络终端、不能打破冲突域和广播域。 交换机：拥有软件系统、用于连接网络终端、能够打破冲突域，但是不能分割广播域。 路由器：拥有软件系统、用于连接网络、可以打破冲突域也可以分割广播域，是连接大型网络的比备设备 MODEM其实是取MOdulatorDEModulator两个英文的缩写合并而成，译成中文就是"调制解调器"。MODEM的主要功能就是将数据在数字信号和模拟信号之间转换，以实现在电话线上的传输。现在的MODEM基本上都带有传真和语音功能，所以通常叫做Fax/Voice/Modem。在日常生活使用的电话线路中，所有信息都是以连续性的模拟信号，也就是音频信号来表示和传送，而对电脑来说，只认识0和1两个数字，所有信息都是以不连续的数字信号来表示和传送，这下MODEM就派上用场了！电脑先把数据交给MODEM，MODEM把数字信号转为音频模拟信号，送进电话线里这个过程叫"调制"；在接收一方MODEM收到音频模拟信号，将其还原为数字信息交给电脑处理，这个过程叫"解调"。MODEM的作用打个比方，就好比是网络这座桥梁两端的桥头堡。至于电脑与MODEM之间又是如何进行沟通的呢？著名通讯设备生产商Hayes为此制定了一套指令，专门用于电脑（主要是通过其中的通讯软件）控制MODEM的各项操作，也就是我们常说的"AT指令"。除去"A/"外的每个指令都是以"AT"（"ATtention"的缩写）开头来表示，似乎是提醒MODEM注意。 字串6 MODEM上有几个很抢眼的面板灯，当MODEM正常工作时，它们会显得格外的忙碌一闪一闪地按照连线时的实际传输速率传送数据。我们当然应该知道每个灯所代表的意义，以便及时掌握MODEM当前所处的状态。当然，现在市面上也有一些产品，在每个灯的旁边设有简单的提示标识，对用户来说真是非常体贴。 字串4
路由器、交换机、MODEM、HUB的作用和不同之处，下面以大家参考：
字串5
集线器--集线器也叫Hub，工作在物理层（最底层），没有相匹配的软件系统，是纯硬件设备。集线器主要用来连接计算机等网络终端。集线器为共享式带宽，连接在集线器上的任何一个设备发送数据时，其他所有设备必须等待，此设备享有全部带宽，通讯完毕，再由其他设备使用带宽。正因此，集线器连接了一个冲突域的网络。所有设备相互交替使用，就好象大家一起过一根独木桥一样。 集线器不能判断数据包的目的地和类型，所以如果是广播数据包也依然转发，而且所有设备发出数据以广播方式发送到每个接口，这样集线器也连接了一个广播域的网络。 交换机--交换机Switch，工作在数据链路层（第二层），稍微高端一点的交换机都有一个操作系统来支持。和集线器一样主要用于连接计算机等网络终端设备。交换机比集线器更加先进，允许连接在交换机上的设备并行通讯，好比高速公路上的汽车并行行使一般，设备间通讯不会再发生冲突，因此交换机打破了冲突域，交换机每个接口是一个冲突域，不会与其他接口发生通讯冲突。并且有系统的交换机可以记录MAC地址表，发送的数据不会再以广播方式发送到每个接口，而是直接到达目的接口，节省了接口带宽。但是交换机和集线器一样不能判断广播数据包，会把广播发送到全部接口，所以交换机和集线器一样连接了一个广播域网络。
字串2 高端一点的交换机不仅可以记录MAC地址表，还可以划分VLAN（虚拟局域网）来隔离广播，但是VLAN间也同样不能通讯。要使VLAN间能够通讯，必须有三层设备介入。 路由器--路由器Router，工作在网络层（第三层），所有的路由器都有自己的操作系统来维持，并且需要人员调试，否则不能工作。路由器没有那么多接口，主要用来进行网络与网络的连接。 简单的说路由器把数据从一个网络发送到另一个网络，这个过程就叫路由。路由器不仅能像交换机一样隔离冲突域，而且还能检测广播数据包，并丢弃广播包来隔离广播域，有效的扩大了网络的规模。在路由器中记录着路由表，路由器以此来转发数据，以实现网络间的通讯。路由器的介入可以使交换机划分的VLAN实现互相通讯。 集线器：纯硬件、用于连接网络终端、不能打破冲突域和广播域。 交换机：拥有软件系统、用于连接网络终端、能够打破冲突域，但是不能分割广播域。 路由器：拥有软件系统、用于连接网络、可以打破冲突域也可以分割广播域，是连接大型网络的比备设备 MODEM其实是取MOdulatorDEModulator两个英文的缩写合并而成，译成中文就是"调制解调器"。MODEM的主要功能就是将数据在数字信号和模拟信号之间转换，以实现在电话线上的传输。现在的MODEM基本上都带有传真和语音功能，所以通常叫做Fax/Voice/Modem。在日常生活使用的电话线路中，所有信息都是以连续性的模拟信号，也就是音频信号来表示和传送，而对电脑来说，只认识0和1两个数字，所有信息都是以不连续的数字信号来表示和传送，这下MODEM就派上用场了！电脑先把数据交给MODEM，MODEM把数字信号转为音频模拟信号，送进电话线里这个过程叫"调制"；在接收一方MODEM收到音频模拟信号，将其还原为数字信息交给电脑处理，这个过程叫"解调"。MODEM的作用打个比方，就好比是网络这座桥梁两端的桥头堡。至于电脑与MODEM之间又是如何进行沟通的呢？著名通讯设备生产商Hayes为此制定了一套指令，专门用于电脑（主要是通过其中的通讯软件）控制MODEM的各项操作，也就是我们常说的"AT指令"。除去"A/"外的每个指令都是以"AT"（"ATtention"的缩写）开头来表示，似乎是提醒MODEM注意。 字串6 MODEM上有几个很抢眼的面板灯，当MODEM正常工作时，它们会显得格外的忙碌一闪一闪地按照连线时的实际传输速率传送数据。我们当然应该知道每个灯所代表的意义，以便及时掌握MODEM当前所处的状态。当然，现在市面上也有一些产品，在每个灯的旁边设有简单的提示标识，对用户来说真是非常体贴。 字串4
2008年8月4日星期一
mesothelioma
rarely see. Pathology can be categorized as adenomatous mesothelioma (adenomatoid mesothelioma), cystic mesothelioma (cystic mesothelioma), and malignant mesothelioma (peritone al malignant mesothelioma, PMM). The first two are benign. Cystic Mesothelioma more common in women, cause unknown, occurs in the pelvic or around the annex, was single or multiple cystic masses; Patients often palpable abdominal mass and treatment. SILVER malignant mesothelioma about 30%; Its incidence is also closely linked with exposure to asbestos. About 5% of patients with history of exposure [1]; Asbestos fibers oral intake, translocation through the intestinal wall into the peritoneal and pathogenicity. From exposure to asbestos that were diagnosed, the disease incubation period could be as long as 25 ~ 40 years. But domestic 1951 ~ 1993 20 literature analyzing 161 cases only one cases with asbestos exposure history. In the absence of a history of exposure to asbestos population, the incidence rate of about 1 / 1 million a year, may be some infection and genetic factors [2,3,4]. Abroad have reported a case of analyzing patients 40 years ago, I contacted glial thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) [ 5]. SILVER often occurred in men over the age of 40. Visceral or parietal peritoneum and may happen; Tumors can be a direct violation of abdominal, pelvic organ; 50% ~ 70% of patients with lymphatic and (or) hematogenous metastasis distant as liver, kidney, adrenal gland, lung, bone and lymph node, and so on. Clinical manifestations of this lack of specificity, and may have abdominal pain, constipation, swelling, weight loss and other obstruction performance [6]. Physical examination can be found ascites or abdominal mass. Ascites exudate part of gutsy. The disease often misdiagnosed as tuberculosis peritonitis and recurrent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, mesenteric inflammation or peritoneal metastasis of cancer, and so on. Ascites hyaluronic acid increased significantly, "0.8 g / L were only found in analyzing. Ascites cytology has a certain value, but often difficult to judge. Serum carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) increased help diagnosis of the disease [6,7]. Ultrasound and CT performance varied, the typical person irregularly thickened peritoneum, omentum was Caky adhesions, tissue samples were mesenteric; CT may also show increased Peripancreatic large mass, or intraperitoneal substantive diffuse large mass, and bowel and mesenteric violations; or peritoneal nodules or showed a cystic mass; more with different degree of ascites [8]. Ultrasound or CT-guided biopsy is a definite value. Laparoscopy is analyzing the diagnosis of simple and effective method of endoscopic see peritoneum, omentum and diffuse nodular plaque, may look biopsy pathology examination. We had given one 83-year-old male patient laparoscopy, peritoneal biopsy report mesothelial cell hyperplasia, After immunohistochemical tests confirmed analyzing side. Butchart and others will be divided into four SILVER : I, confined to the peritoneal tumor; Phase II, intraperitoneal tumor invasion lymph nodes; Phase III, to the peritoneal tumor metastasis outside; Ⅳ, distant metastasis. These classifications will help choose the method of treatment. SILVER so far no effective standard treatment programs. The prognosis is poor, survival after diagnosis for a period, the median survival of more than two years of less than 20%. Mainly died for cachexia, or obstruction, and the cause of death rarely distant metastasis of the tumor.治疗方法 Treatment 囊性间皮瘤 Cystic Mesothelioma 手术切除囊性肿块效果甚佳， 无手术后死亡的报道。但25%病人术后局部复发。Van der Klooster 等报告1例多发性囊性间皮瘤病人，经抽吸和闭塞治疗均无效，1年内肿瘤复发5次，最后改用经阴道插管 持续引流，终将之治愈。手术切除囊性肿块效果甚佳，无手术后死亡的报道。但25%病人术后局部复发。 目前经腹腔镜也能完整切除巨大腹腔囊性间皮瘤。Surgical excision of cystic mass effect is very good and without postoperative deaths reported. But 25% of patients with local recurrence. Van der Klooster reports on one cases with multiple cystic mesothelioma patients. by suction and occlusion treatment were ineffective, a tumor recurrence five years times, the last to switch to vaginal intubation continuous drainage, eventually cure. Surgical excision of cystic mass effect is very good and without postoperative deaths reported. But 25% of patients with local recurrence. With laparoscopy can complete resection of giant cystic peritoneal mesothelioma. 恶性间皮瘤 Malignant Mesothelioma 手术疗法 Surgical therapy 对I、Ⅱ期PMM首选手术治疗。术式包括减瘤手术(cytoreductive surgery)，尽可能切除所能见到的 肿瘤组织。但事实上因手术难度大，病变弥漫，难以达到完全切除的目的。对复发者可再次手术。对肠 梗阻者可行姑息性手术，缓解梗阻症状。 Right I, Phase II analyzing the preferred surgical treatment. Operation include the reduction of tumor surgery (cytoreductive surgery), possible removal can see the tumor tissue. But because of the difficulty in surgery, diffuse lesions, the complete resection difficult to achieve the objective. Right recurrence can be re-operation. Ileus is feasible right palliative surgery, obstructive symptoms. 放射疗法 Radiotherapy PMM对放疗欠敏感，放疗效果不如胸膜间皮瘤。 但对手术未能完全切除病灶或无法手术者，放疗仍不 失为一种重要疗法。方法包括外照射和(或)内照射。外照射一般选用60Co或186KV X线作为放射源，视病 变范围选择全腹或局部照射。 上医大肿瘤医院给病人全腹照射，6～7周内照射剂量达24戈瑞(Gy)，结果 局部复发率降至11.4%，3年生存率提高至66.7%。放疗可引起放射性肠炎、放射性脊髓炎和放射性肝炎等。 腹腔内注射核素如32P或198Au，通过内放射，使间皮瘤组织和小血管硬化，并杀伤腹水中的游离瘤细胞， 使病情获得短期缓解。但此法需一定设备，且代价不菲，并可抑制骨髓，现已少用。SILVER less sensitive to radiotherapy, radiotherapy result is not as good as pleural mesothelioma. But the surgical resection of the lesions has not been fully or not surgery, radiotherapy is nonetheless an important therapy. Including external irradiation and (or) irradiation. External irradiation generally choose 60 or 186KV Co. as X-ray sources, depending on the scope of diseases to choose partial or whole abdominal irradiation. Medicine tumor patients to the hospital whole abdominal irradiation, six-seven weeks of radiation doses up to 24 gray (Gy). Results of local recurrence rate to 11.4%, three-year survival rate increased to 66.7%. Radiotherapy can cause abdominal radiation, radioactive radiation myelitis and hepatitis. Intraperitoneal injection of radionuclide P as 32 or 198 Au, through radiation and mesothelioma organizations and small vascular sclerosis. and the anti-free ascites tumor cells, a short-term illness mitigation. But this method will need equipment, and the price is very expensive, and can inhibit the bone marrow, has been seldom used. 化学疗法 Chemotherapy 药物 PMM对化疗中度敏感.术前诱导化疗、术中和术后辅助化疗可明显减少肿瘤复发,提高3年存活率。Drug analyzing moderately sensitive to chemotherapy. Pre-operative chemotherapy, surgery and post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy can significantly reduce tumor recurrence, three years to improve the survival rate.治疗PMM效果肯定的化学药物有阿霉素、顺氯氨铂、卡铂、博莱霉素及国产抗癌新药榄香烯乳等。长 春新碱、氟脲嘧啶、环磷酰胺、丝裂霉素等也值得一试。SILVER certainly result in the treatment of chemical drugs doxorubicin, cisplatin and carboplatin, bleomycin and a new anticancer drug Eiemene other. Vincristine, fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, mitomycin also worth a try.阿霉素(Adriamycin, ADM) 成人每次30～60mg/m2，每3周1次，静脉或腹腔注射，总剂量不超过 550mg/m2。不良反应以心脏毒性为著,且有积聚性,与总剂量有关;其次为抑制骨髓、胃肠道反应及脱发等。Doxorubicin (Adriamycin, ADM) for each adult 30 ~ routinely. Every three weeks one time, intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of a total dose of not more than 550mg/m2. Adverse reaction to a cardiac toxicity, there is accumulation, with the total dose; Followed by bone marrow suppression. gastrointestinal reactions and alopecia.顺氯氨铂(Cisplatin, DDP, 顺铂) 成人每次80～120mg/m2，每3周1次；或20mg/m2，连用5天，每3周 为一疗程，静脉注射。不良反应有肾毒性、耳毒性、神经毒性、胃肠道反应和抑制骨髓等。加用甘露醇可 减少其在肾小管中积聚。该药也常用于腹腔内注射，具体方法见下文。PDD (cisplatin, DDP, cisplatin) for each adult 80 ~ 120mg/m2, every three times a week; or 20 mg/m2 for 5 days every 3 weeks for a course of treatment, intravenous injection. Adverse reactions are nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal reactions and bone marrow suppression. Plus mannitol to reduce its accumulated in the tubular cells. The drug is commonly used in the intraperitoneal injection, the specific method described below.卡铂(Carboplatin, CBP) 成人每次300～400mg/m2，加入5%葡萄糖溶液或生理盐水中，稀释为浓度 0.5mg/ml的溶液，静脉滴注，每3～4周重复；或100mg/d，加入5%葡萄糖溶液500ml中静脉滴注，连用5天； 3～4周重复1次。也可每次用300～500mg腹腔内注射，每周1次。 Carboplatin (Carboplatin, CBP) Adult 300 ~ 400mg/m2 each. by adding 5% glucose solution or saline, diluting the concentration of the solution 0.5mg/ml, intravenous drip, Each three-four weeks duplication; or 100 mg / d, to 5% glucose solution 500ml intravenous drip for 5 days; 3 ~ 4 times a week to repeat. Can be used for each 300 ~ 500 mg intraperitoneal injection once a week.博莱霉素(Bleomycin, BLM) 成人用15～30mg，溶于适量生理盐水或5%葡萄糖溶液中深部肌注、静注 或静脉滴注，每周2次；也可根据情况改为1次/d或每周数次。还可用60mg溶解后缓慢注入腹腔。Stey用BLM 腹腔内注射，治疗1例PMM病人，结果腹水消失，停药后未再出现，存活已逾3年。但大剂量BLM腹腔内注射 可引起肺炎样症状，甚至肺纤维化；此外，发热、胃肠道反应较常见，个别病人发生变态反应。Bleomycin (hopefully, the BLM) Adult use 15 ~ 30mg, dissolved in saline or modest 5% glucose solution deep intramuscular, or intravenous injection two times a week; also, under the circumstances, to a time / d or several times a week. Can also be dissolved after 60 mg intraperitoneal injection of slow. Stey with BLM intraperitoneal injection, treatment one cases analyzing patient outcome ascites disappeared, the withdrawal did not arise again. survived for more than three years. But BLM large dose intraperitoneal injection can cause pneumonia-like symptoms, or even pulmonary fibrosis; In addition, fever, gastrointestinal reactions more common. Patients allergic individual. 紫杉醇（Paclitaxel） 本品是从红豆杉树皮中提取的抗癌药，通过诱导和促进微管蛋白聚合，防止解 聚和稳定微管，抑制了细胞有丝分裂和增殖。紫杉醇还能抑制有丝分裂所需的微管网再生，妨碍有丝分裂 纺锤体的形成导致染色体的断裂，抑制了肿瘤细胞的复制。剂量为135～175 mg/m2，稀释于生理盐水或5% 葡萄糖溶液中静脉注射。每3周重复。用药前12小时应给予地塞米松20 mg，30～60分钟前应静注苯海拉明 50 mg和西米替丁300 mg或雷尼替丁200 mg，以防过敏反应。与顺铂合用对约66.7%的病人有效，并能耐受 其毒性反应[6]。不良反应有抑制骨髓、过敏反应、关节痛、肌痛、胃肠道反应、周围神经病变、昏厥、共 济失调及注射部位肿痛等。Taxol (paclitaxel) to be from the yew bark extract anticancer drug induce and promote tubulin polymerization and depolymerization and prevent stable microtubules, inhibit cell proliferation and mitosis. Taxol can inhibit mitosis of the microtubule network renewable, prevent mitotic spindle lead to the formation of chromosome break, inhibit the replication of tumor cells. Dose of 135 ~ 175 mg/m2, diluted in normal saline or 5% glucose solution was injected into the vein. Repeated every 3 weeks. 12 hours before the treatment should be given dexamethasone 20 mg, 30 ~ 60 minutes before intravenous diphenhydramine 50 mg and cimetidine 300 mg or 200 mg of ranitidine. to prevent allergic reactions. And cisplatin combination of about 66.7% of the patients effectively, and the ability under toxicity [6]. Adverse reactions inhibit bone marrow, allergies, joint pain, muscle pain, gastrointestinal reactions, peripheral neuropathy, syncope, Ataxia and the injection site pain and so on. 榄香烯乳(Elemene) 为中药莪术中提取到的抗癌活性物质；胸、腹腔内灌注治疗恶性胸、腹水有较好 疗效。在尽量抽除腹水后，按200～400mg/m2用量注入腹腔，每周1～2次。不良反应发生率为20%～70%，主 要有发热、畏寒和局部疼痛;如预先注入少量麻醉药和激素，则能预防之;其他有过敏反应、胃肠道反应等。Eiemene (Elemene) curcuma extract of the anticancer activity of substances; Chest, intraperitoneal infusion treatment of malignant thoracic, ascites has a good effect. In addition to pumping as much as possible in ascites, according to 200 ~ 400mg/m2 intraperitoneal injection dosage, the weekly one-two times. Adverse reaction rate of 20% ~ 70%, mainly fever, chills and pain; If pre-anesthetic and inject a small amount of hormones, it will Prevention; other allergic reactions, gastrointestinal reactions. 环磷酰胺(CTX) 成人每次600～1200mg，每周1～2次， 静脉注射。用药后抑制骨髓、胃肠道反应 及出血性膀胱炎等不良反应均较常见。Cyclophosphamide (CTX) for each adult-1200mg 600, the weekly one-2nd, intravenous. After administration of bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal reactions and stopped the bleeding bladder are more common adverse reactions.长春新碱(VCR) 成人每次2.5～8mg/m2，每周1次，静脉注射 ，总量为60～80mg，主要不良反应 为抑制骨髓。 Vincristine (VCR) for each adult 2.5 ~ 8mg/m2, a weekly meeting, intravenous, The total amount of 60-80mg, the main adverse reaction to the suppression of bone marrow. 甲氨喋呤(MTX) 成人每次15～50mg，每周1～2次，肌肉或静脉注射。副作用有骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、 口腔炎、肝肾功能损害等，长期用药可致肺纤维化。Methotrexate (MTX) for each adult 15-50mg, a weekly two-time, muscle or intravenous injection. Side effects are bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal reactions, stomatitis, liver and kidney dysfunction, long-term medication can be induced pulmonary fibrosis. 化疗方法 有以下两种。Chemotherapy following two methods. 全身化疗 全身给予抗癌药后，腹膜腔内药物分布较少。国外报告，无论单药或联合用药，全身化疗有 效率仅11％～14%。 联合化疗方案包括：DDP+ADM，DDP+CTX+VCR，CTX+VCR+BLM等。但不少学者强调，联合 化疗并不能提高疗效[11]。 Poulain等[12]体外研究了DDP、CBP和两性霉素B(AmB)对恶性间皮瘤细胞株的细 胞毒性作用。给细胞株接触上述药物2小时，6天后得到的生长—抑制曲线表明，浓度为5～10mg/L的AmB对敏 感的或耐药的细胞株，都可使DDP和CBP的50%生长—抑制浓度(IC50)降低5～10倍。 AmB的作用可能与其显著 增加了肿瘤细胞对铂的摄入，提高了细胞内铂的浓度，增强了铂的细胞毒性作用有关。磷酸二酯酶抑制性甲 基黄嘌呤(phosphodiesterase inhibiting methylxanthines) 与AmB有协同作用，其本身毒性弱，且能缓解 AmB的肾毒性。 但迄今未见临床联合应用上述药物的报告。Systemic chemotherapy for systemic anticancer drugs, drug distribution peritoneal cavity less. Abroad, whether single or combined drug treatment, chemotherapy efficient only 11% ~ 14%. Combined chemotherapy include : ADM + DDP, DDP + CTX + VCR, CTX VCR + + BLM etc.. But many scholars stressed that the combined chemotherapy and would not improve efficacy [11]. Poulain, etc. [12] In vitro studies of the DDP, CBP and amphotericin B (mg) of malignant mesothelioma cells in vitro. Access to the cells of these drugs two hours, six days after the growth-inhibition curve, concentration of 5 ~ 10 mg / L mg of sensitive or resistant cell line, DDP can enable CBP and the 50% growth-inhibitory concentration (IC50) to reduce 5 ~ 10 times. Mg role may increase significantly with a pair of platinum tumor cell uptake and improve the intracellular concentration of platinum, enhance the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in the role. Phosphodiesterase inhibition methylxanthine (phosphodiesterase inhibitin g methylxanthines) mg a synergistic effect, its own weak toxicity, able to ease mg of renal toxicity. But so far no clinical drug combination of the above report.腹腔内化疗 近年认为， 腹腔内注射用药可提高局部药物浓度，减轻全身不良反应；不仅能消灭手术 后残留的肿瘤组织，减少复发；还可使部分失却手术机会的病人肿块缩小，腹水减少，病情得到有效控制。 腹腔内用药剂量与静脉一次用量相似，或略高于后者；１周后重复。根据病情可连续注射数周。Ito[13]等 给1例手术未能切除的PMM 病人腹腔注射DDP， 并联合应用了 尿嘧啶 和tegafur，取得了意想不到的效果: 在术后223天腹块和腹水完全消失。但在第8个月后盆腔肿块复发；重新给予DDP和喜树碱，效果却不佳。 Ｍa等[14]则用加温持续腹腔灌注 ( continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion, CHPP)联合DDP 局部注射，治疗PPM。 灌注初始DDP平均量为120mg/ml(81～166mg/ml),灌注流量1.5L/min，平均灌注量为 5.1L(4～7L），灌注90分钟后， 测量腹腔内三处温度分别为41.5℃、40.5℃和41.1℃。灌注液总DDP曲线 下面积(AUC)为血浆DDP AUC的21倍，血浆DDP浓度则与全身用药时相仿。治疗过程中无明显局部不良反应， 病人均能耐受CHPP。随访10个月，无1例因CHPP治疗而死亡。Park 等[15]也有类似的报道。目前看来， CHPP不啻为治疗PMM的一个有效方法。Intraperitoneal chemotherapy in recent years that the intraperitoneal injection of medication may improve the local drug concentration and reduce systemic adverse reactions; not only can eliminate postoperative residual tumor tissue, reduce relapse; may lose some of the surgical patients mass reduced, ascites, the condition was under control. Intraperitoneal and intravenous dose of a similar amount, or slightly higher than the latter; A week later to repeat. Under the condition can be continuous injection of a few weeks. Ito [13], so as to not one cases surgical resection of analyzing patients intraperitoneal injection of DDP, and the combination of uracil and tegafur, made unexpected effect : 223 days after the abdominal mass and ascites completely disappear. But in the first eight months after pelvic tumor recurrence; Restore DDP and camptothecin, the result is poor. Ma, and so on [14] used a continuous warming peritoneal perfusion (continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion, CHPP) combined with cisplatin injection. PPM treatment. DDP initial perfusion average volume of 120 mg / ml (~ 81 166mg/ml), .5L/min a perfusion flow rate, the average amount of reperfusion 5.1L (4-7L), 90 minutes after reperfusion. Measurement intraperitoneal three temperature of 41.5 ° C, 40.5 ° C and 41.1 ° C. Perfused with DDP total area under the curve (AUC) for plasma AUC DDP 21 times, DDP plasma concentration and systemic medication when similar. The course of treatment no local adverse reactions, patients were able to tolerance CHPP. Follow-up of 10 months, no cases of death CHPP treatment. Park and so on [15] also have similar reports. Currently, the CHPP analyzing the results of the treatment of one of the effective ways. 生物反应修饰疗法 Bioreactor modification therapy 生物反应修饰剂(biological response modifier, BRM) 是体内自身的一些细胞和分子，能应答机 体对内外环境的刺激，并参与维持机体内环境的稳定。BRM通过调动机体固有能力抵御和消灭肿瘤，成为当 今治疗肿瘤的新模式。随着细胞工程和基因工程的进展，BRM在肿瘤治疗领域大有用武之地。Biological response modifiers (biological response modifier, BPM) is the body's own cells and molecules, the body of the response to internal and external stimuli in the environment. and in vivo environment for the maintenance of stability. BRM through the mobilization of the body inherent ability to resist and eliminate tumor, the treatment of cancer has become the new model. With cell engineering and genetic engineering progress, BRM in the field of cancer treatment can be fully utilized.细胞因子 白细胞介素(IL)、干扰素(IFN)、 肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)等除能直接杀伤瘤细胞外，并能活化 体内抗癌细胞， 或分泌抗癌效应分子，或维持免疫效应细胞增殖分化功能，可作为PMM的辅助疗法。Cytokine interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in addition to directly kill tumor cells, and can be activated in vivo cancer cells, or secreted molecule anticancer effect, or maintaining immune effector cell proliferation and differentiation of functions, can be used as adjuvant therapy analyzing.过继转移的免疫细胞 收集、分离癌性腹水中的淋巴细胞，在体外扩增，并诱导出具杀伤活性的淋巴因 子活化杀伤细胞(LAK细胞)，将之注入体内，有杀伤瘤细胞的作用。同时给予IL—2，可提高疗效。Tani[16] 等将淋巴细胞与病人自身恶性间皮瘤细胞混合培养，加以抗CD3单克隆抗体和IL—2激活之， 生成细胞毒性 T细胞(CTL)。激活的CTL对自身恶性间皮瘤细胞有高度细胞毒性作用。作者给2例PMM病人化疗的同时，腹腔 内注射CTL作为辅助疗法，结果腹水消退，瘤块逐渐消失，改善了患者的生存质量。Adoptive transfer of immune cells collection, separation, ascites carcinoma of lymphocytes in vitro amplification, issued and induced cytotoxic activity of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), to be injected into the body. anti-tumor cells. Given IL-2 may improve the outcome. Tani [16] will be the lymphocytes of patients with malignant mesothelioma cells themselves mixed culture, to be anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and IL-2 activate it, the generation of cytotoxic T cell (CTL). CTL activation of the cell's own malignant mesothelioma cells with high toxicity. Author to analyzing two cases of chemotherapy patients, while intraperitoneal injection of CTL as a complementary therapy, the results ascites dissipated, tumor gradually disappear and improve the patient's quality of life.结论 Conclusion PMM为少见的腹膜恶性肿瘤，一向认为其预后很差， 迄今尚无规范化治疗方案。但这种状况有望改观。 近年，以手术为主，化疗、放疗、免疫治疗为辅的联合疗法已初见端倪。SILVER rare peritoneal malignant and that the prognosis has been poor, so far there is no standardized treatment program. However, this situation is expected to change. In recent years, with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, the treatment of immune therapy supplemented by the joint has have appeared.对主诉慢性腹痛、腹胀的中、老年病人，特别是有腹水和(或)腹块者，经超声或CT检查证实腹腔内肿块 或腹膜上有结节；腹水呈渗出性，腹水透明质酸显著增高；血清CA125上升， 应高度怀疑PMM。对这些患者 应予以超声或CT引导下穿刺活检， 腹腔镜检查，甚至剖腹探查；在估计肿瘤扩散范围的同时，于脏层和壁层 腹膜多处活检，取得足够组织，供病理检查和组织免疫或化学检查。多数PMM患者在确诊时，已难以手术完全 切除肿瘤。 如无肠梗阻表现，应先给予2～3个疗程诱导性腹腔内化疗，以最大限度地减少肿瘤在肠管表面种 植，为外科手术创造条件，并有助临床医生掌握肿瘤对化疗反应的资料。在诱导性化疗后2个月， 施行减瘤 手术，切除病变腹膜，力求清除所有肿瘤组织。术中或术后早期应给辅助性腹腔内化疗，并配合放疗及BRM辅 助治疗。 对术后肿瘤复发者，如条件许可应考虑再手术。 The chief complaint of abdominal pain, abdominal distension, elderly patients, especially those with ascites and (or) abdominal mass, by ultrasound or CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of abdominal peritoneum or a nodule; Ascites was exudative, ascites hyaluronic acid increased significantly; Serum CA125 rising, the highly suspected analyzing. These patients should be ultrasound or CT-guided biopsy, laparoscopic examination and even exploratory laparotomy; estimate the extent of the spread of the tumor, in the visceral and parietal peritoneum multiple biopsies adequate, for pathological examination and immunohistochemical or chemical examination. Most analyzing patients at the time of diagnosis, has been difficult to complete surgical excision of tumor. If no obstruction performance should give 2 - 3 treatment-induced intraperitoneal chemotherapy to minimize the surface of intestinal tumor in cultivation, to create conditions for the surgery. and help clinicians master tumor response to chemotherapy information. In the induction chemotherapy after two months, the purposes of tumor reduction surgery, peritoneal lesions removed, so as to remove all the tumor tissue. Intraoperative or postoperative adjuvant to be intraperitoneal chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and BRM with adjuvant therapy. Right after tumor recurrence, such as conditions permit should consider further surgery.
[edit] References
^ Dierickx, C.C., et al., Permanent hair removal by normal-mode ruby laser. Arch Dermatol, 1998. 134(7): p. 837-42.
^ Gold MH. Lasers and light sources for the removal of unwanted hair.Clin Dermatol. 2007 Sep-Oct;25(5):443-53.
^ Eremia, S., et al., Laser hair removal: long-term results with a 755 nm alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg, 2001. 27(11): p. 920-4.
^ Liew, S.H., Laser hair removal: guidelines for management. Am J Clin Dermatol, 2002. 3(2): p. 107-15.
^ Aldraibi, M.S., D.J. Touma, and A. Khachemoune, Hair removal with the 3-msec alexandrite laser in patients with skin types IV-VI: efficacy, safety, and the role of topical corticosteroids in preventing side effects. J Drugs Dermatol, 2007. 6(1): p. 60-6.
^ Wanner, M., Laser hair removal. Dermatol Ther, 2005. 18(3): p. 209-16.
^ Goldberg, D.J., Laser- and light-based hair removal: an update. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2007. 4(2): p. 253-60.
^ Alexiades-Armenakas, M., Laser hair removal. J Drugs Dermatol, 2006. 5(7): p. 678-9.
^ Alexiades-Armenakas, M., Laser hair removal. J Drugs Dermatol, 2006. 5(7): p. 678-9.
^ Bjerring, P., et al., Evaluation of the free-running ruby laser for hair removal. A retrospective study. Acta Derm Venereol, 1998. 78(1): p. 48-51.
^ Dierickx, C.C., Grossman, M.C., Farinelli, W.A., Anderson, R.R. Permanent hair removal by normal-mode ruby laser. Arch Dermatol, 1998. 134(7): p. 837-42.
^ Eremia, S., et al., Laser hair removal: long-term results with a 755 nm alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg, 2001. 27(11): p. 920-4.
^ Goldberg, D.J., Laser- and light-based hair removal: an update. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2007. 4(2): p. 253-60.
^ Kelly, K.M., L.O. Svaasand, and J.S. Nelson, Further investigation of pigmentary changes after alexandrite laser hair removal in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling. Dermatol Surg, 2004. 30(4 Pt 1): p. 581-2.
^ Liew, S.H., Laser hair removal: guidelines for management. Am J Clin Dermatol, 2002. 3(2): p. 107-15.
^ McDaniel, D.H., et al., Laser hair removal: a review and report on the use of the long-pulsed alexandrite laser for hair reduction of the upper lip, leg, back, and bikini region. Dermatol Surg, 1999. 25(6): p. 425-30.
^ Nanni, C.A. and T.S. Alster, Long-pulsed alexandrite laser-assisted hair removal at 5, 10, and 20 millisecond pulse durations. Lasers Surg Med, 1999. 24(5): p. 332-7.
^ Sadick, N.S., Laser hair removal. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am, 2004. 12(2): p. 191-200.
^ Yee, S., Laser hair removal in Fitzpatrick type IV to VI patients. Facial Plast Surg, 2005. 21(2): p. 139-44.
^ Wanner, M., Laser hair removal. Dermatol Ther, 2005. 18(3): p. 209-16.
^ Warner, J., M. Weiner, and K.A. Gutowski, Laser hair removal. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2006. 49(2): p. 389-400.
^ Michel CE. Trichiasis and distichiasis; with an improved method for radical treatment. St. Louis Clinical Record, 1875 Oct; 2:145-148
^ Gold MH. Lasers and light sources for the removal of unwanted hair.Clin Dermatol. 2007 Sep-Oct;25(5):443-53.
^ Eremia, S., et al., Laser hair removal: long-term results with a 755 nm alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg, 2001. 27(11): p. 920-4.
^ Liew, S.H., Laser hair removal: guidelines for management. Am J Clin Dermatol, 2002. 3(2): p. 107-15.
^ Aldraibi, M.S., D.J. Touma, and A. Khachemoune, Hair removal with the 3-msec alexandrite laser in patients with skin types IV-VI: efficacy, safety, and the role of topical corticosteroids in preventing side effects. J Drugs Dermatol, 2007. 6(1): p. 60-6.
^ Wanner, M., Laser hair removal. Dermatol Ther, 2005. 18(3): p. 209-16.
^ Goldberg, D.J., Laser- and light-based hair removal: an update. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2007. 4(2): p. 253-60.
^ Alexiades-Armenakas, M., Laser hair removal. J Drugs Dermatol, 2006. 5(7): p. 678-9.
^ Alexiades-Armenakas, M., Laser hair removal. J Drugs Dermatol, 2006. 5(7): p. 678-9.
^ Bjerring, P., et al., Evaluation of the free-running ruby laser for hair removal. A retrospective study. Acta Derm Venereol, 1998. 78(1): p. 48-51.
^ Dierickx, C.C., Grossman, M.C., Farinelli, W.A., Anderson, R.R. Permanent hair removal by normal-mode ruby laser. Arch Dermatol, 1998. 134(7): p. 837-42.
^ Eremia, S., et al., Laser hair removal: long-term results with a 755 nm alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg, 2001. 27(11): p. 920-4.
^ Goldberg, D.J., Laser- and light-based hair removal: an update. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2007. 4(2): p. 253-60.
^ Kelly, K.M., L.O. Svaasand, and J.S. Nelson, Further investigation of pigmentary changes after alexandrite laser hair removal in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling. Dermatol Surg, 2004. 30(4 Pt 1): p. 581-2.
^ Liew, S.H., Laser hair removal: guidelines for management. Am J Clin Dermatol, 2002. 3(2): p. 107-15.
^ McDaniel, D.H., et al., Laser hair removal: a review and report on the use of the long-pulsed alexandrite laser for hair reduction of the upper lip, leg, back, and bikini region. Dermatol Surg, 1999. 25(6): p. 425-30.
^ Nanni, C.A. and T.S. Alster, Long-pulsed alexandrite laser-assisted hair removal at 5, 10, and 20 millisecond pulse durations. Lasers Surg Med, 1999. 24(5): p. 332-7.
^ Sadick, N.S., Laser hair removal. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am, 2004. 12(2): p. 191-200.
^ Yee, S., Laser hair removal in Fitzpatrick type IV to VI patients. Facial Plast Surg, 2005. 21(2): p. 139-44.
^ Wanner, M., Laser hair removal. Dermatol Ther, 2005. 18(3): p. 209-16.
^ Warner, J., M. Weiner, and K.A. Gutowski, Laser hair removal. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2006. 49(2): p. 389-400.
^ Michel CE. Trichiasis and distichiasis; with an improved method for radical treatment. St. Louis Clinical Record, 1875 Oct; 2:145-148
Laser parameters that affect results
Several wavelengths of laser energy have been used for hair removal, from visible light to near-infrared radiation. These lasers are usually defined by the lasing medium used to create the wavelength (measured in nanometers (nm)):
Argon: 488 or 514.5 nm (no longer used for hair removal)
Ruby: 694 nm (no longer used for hair removal; not safe on most skin types as it frequently produces side effects such as pigmentary changes (lightening or darkening of the skin) or worse for patients of all but white skin.[citation needed]
Alexandrite: 755 nm (most effective, but safest on light skin)
Pulsed diode array: 810 nm (for light to medium type skin)
Nd:YAG: 1064 nm (for darker skin; Yag is capable of treating all six skin colors. However, there is not sufficient evidence that this laser can produce effective long-term hair removal)
Pulsewidth is an important consideration. It has been observed in some published studies that longer pulse widths may be safer for darker skin. However, shorter wavelengths may be more effective in removing hair.
Spot size, or the width of the laser beam, affects treatment. Theoretically, the width of the ideal beam is about four times as wide as the target is deep. Hair removal lasers have a round spot about the size of your finger (8-18 mm). Larger spot sizes help make treatments faster and more effective.
Fluence or energy level is another important consideration. Fluence is measured in joules per square centimeter (J/cm²). It's important to get treated at high enough settings to cause permanent damage to the hair follicles.
Repetition rate is believed to have a cumulative effect, based on the concept of thermal relaxation time. Shooting two or three pulses at the same target with a specific delay between pulses can cause a slight improvement in the heating of an area. This may increase the "kill rate" for each treatment slightly.
Epidermal cooling has been determined to allow higher fluences and reduce pain and side effects, especially in darker skin. Four types of cooling have been developed:
Clear gel: usually chilled
Contact cooling: through a window cooled by circulating water or internal cryogen.
Cryogen spray: immediately before/after the laser pulse
Air cooling: forced cold air at -34 degrees C (Zimmer Cryo 5 unit)
Multiple treatments, usually 3-8, have been shown in numerous studies to provide long-term reduction of hair. Current parameters suggest a series of treatments spaced at 3-12 weeks apart for most areas, although the timing of treatments has still not been standardized.
Argon: 488 or 514.5 nm (no longer used for hair removal)
Ruby: 694 nm (no longer used for hair removal; not safe on most skin types as it frequently produces side effects such as pigmentary changes (lightening or darkening of the skin) or worse for patients of all but white skin.[citation needed]
Alexandrite: 755 nm (most effective, but safest on light skin)
Pulsed diode array: 810 nm (for light to medium type skin)
Nd:YAG: 1064 nm (for darker skin; Yag is capable of treating all six skin colors. However, there is not sufficient evidence that this laser can produce effective long-term hair removal)
Pulsewidth is an important consideration. It has been observed in some published studies that longer pulse widths may be safer for darker skin. However, shorter wavelengths may be more effective in removing hair.
Spot size, or the width of the laser beam, affects treatment. Theoretically, the width of the ideal beam is about four times as wide as the target is deep. Hair removal lasers have a round spot about the size of your finger (8-18 mm). Larger spot sizes help make treatments faster and more effective.
Fluence or energy level is another important consideration. Fluence is measured in joules per square centimeter (J/cm²). It's important to get treated at high enough settings to cause permanent damage to the hair follicles.
Repetition rate is believed to have a cumulative effect, based on the concept of thermal relaxation time. Shooting two or three pulses at the same target with a specific delay between pulses can cause a slight improvement in the heating of an area. This may increase the "kill rate" for each treatment slightly.
Epidermal cooling has been determined to allow higher fluences and reduce pain and side effects, especially in darker skin. Four types of cooling have been developed:
Clear gel: usually chilled
Contact cooling: through a window cooled by circulating water or internal cryogen.
Cryogen spray: immediately before/after the laser pulse
Air cooling: forced cold air at -34 degrees C (Zimmer Cryo 5 unit)
Multiple treatments, usually 3-8, have been shown in numerous studies to provide long-term reduction of hair. Current parameters suggest a series of treatments spaced at 3-12 weeks apart for most areas, although the timing of treatments has still not been standardized.
One-Year, Full-Time Advantages
One-year programs offer several advantages, particularly for career
enhancers (who wish to continue in the same job function or industry but at a higher level). These advantages include the following:
A very specialized program can make full use of your current career or industry specialty and save you time in completing an MBA.
You may be able to customize your course work through electives and concentrations, if the program reduces core curriculum requirements rather than elective content in order to decrease the duration of the program.
Other advantages include the following:
The environment encourages learning far beyond classroom instruction.
The spirit of competition and program intensity tend to be high.
Full-time exposure helps to develop a cohesive network of MBA colleagues in your chosen field.
A full immersion learning experience includes career services (such as campus interviews), social and professional clubs (often across areas of industry and functional preference), executive speakers' series, career counseling, and other "campus life" services.
One-Year, Full-Time Limitations
A one-year MBA program does present some limitations you should consider.
Internship opportunities are limited because there are no extended breaks between semesters, which could especially hurt career switchers.
Some employers who require an MBA for career advancement may not consider a one-year program a favorable option for earning the degree. You should be sure your post-MBA employer will be supportive before you choose this type of program.
Scholarships and Financial Aid
Scholarship money may be available (get information from specific schools).
Loan money is available for eligible full-time students.
enhancers (who wish to continue in the same job function or industry but at a higher level). These advantages include the following:
A very specialized program can make full use of your current career or industry specialty and save you time in completing an MBA.
You may be able to customize your course work through electives and concentrations, if the program reduces core curriculum requirements rather than elective content in order to decrease the duration of the program.
Other advantages include the following:
The environment encourages learning far beyond classroom instruction.
The spirit of competition and program intensity tend to be high.
Full-time exposure helps to develop a cohesive network of MBA colleagues in your chosen field.
A full immersion learning experience includes career services (such as campus interviews), social and professional clubs (often across areas of industry and functional preference), executive speakers' series, career counseling, and other "campus life" services.
One-Year, Full-Time Limitations
A one-year MBA program does present some limitations you should consider.
Internship opportunities are limited because there are no extended breaks between semesters, which could especially hurt career switchers.
Some employers who require an MBA for career advancement may not consider a one-year program a favorable option for earning the degree. You should be sure your post-MBA employer will be supportive before you choose this type of program.
Scholarships and Financial Aid
Scholarship money may be available (get information from specific schools).
Loan money is available for eligible full-time students.
Laser Hair Removal Washington DC
Laser Hair Elimination services are offered by many specialists in professional clinics in the Washington DC region.
DC hair laser elimination Washington is an effective and safe method for removing unnecessary hair from chin, upper lip, underarms, chest, legs, neck and other parts of the body.
The laser ray that is utilized in the laser hair elimination equipment is directed at follicles. The dark pigments in the hair follicle absorb the laser light power.
Because the hair follicle absorbs extreme energy, the hair follicle expires and can no longer produce hair.
This is the machinery on which DC hair laser elimination Washington workings depend.
No matter what be the skin texture, one can expects to have an amazing effect thanks to professional expertise and advanced technology of hair removal. However, it may harm both women and men and gets irritated while taking it out and that too effectively.
Find out the type of skin and select the laser clinic that is most suitable for the people. Before accepting it, try to get suggestions from people those who have been used DC hair laser elimination Washington. Then one can definitely leave all the uncertainties behind.
Laser Hair Elimination can also treat the condition of ingrown hair. Men mostly use this technology for dealing with ingrown hair on neck and in the beard parts of the body. Women are mostly faced with the problem in the bikini portion.
Since laser hair elimination aims at hair follicles and it is the most notable ingrown hair method. It really decreases the root of the condition. After completing some sessions of laser hair elimination treatment, one will notice the dark spots, bumps and hair shedding from hair folliculitis failing.
The price of using DC hair laser elimination Washington differs from one experienced physician to another. Every case of it is unusual and the price of the treatment is based on the independent thing also.
Therefore, if one has unnecessary hair on the face and other parts of the body, DC hair laser elimination Washington is the suitable method for one. One can visit Sona MedSpa, a laser hair elimination center in the DC Washington region.
Whether one is female or male through professional and expert care, one will get an original look at sensible costs. There are numbers of laser hair removal clinics in Washington DC area. People can visit any one of the clinics to remove unwanted hair from different parts of the body.
DC hair laser elimination Washington is an effective and safe method for removing unnecessary hair from chin, upper lip, underarms, chest, legs, neck and other parts of the body.
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Yahoo! Domains for $1.99/1st yr again!
刚刚上YAHOO网站，突然看到YAHOO又搞低价玉米促销了，只需$1.99美金，同之前的活动一样，也都是只限第一年，续费还是原价$9.95。
2008Linux Journal
今年的结果冷门不多，vi击败Emacs和vim出线算一个。主流产品在各处都更加受到欢迎，比如Eclipse、Firefox、MySQL、Apache、Dell。而竞争激烈的领域包括编程语言（C语言折桂）、脚本语言（Python再次胜出）、内容管理系统（WordPress）和桌面环境（GNOME）。Ubuntu的领先优势仍然不明显。最受欢迎Linux图书 (2007年1月后出版或者再版)Linux System Administration by Tom Adelstein and Bill Lubanovic (O'Reilly) (16%)英文影印版：LINUX系统管理，东南大学出版社【荣誉入围】Linux System Programming by Robert Love (O'Reilly) (7.2%)Official Ubuntu Book by Benjamin Hill (Prentice Hall) (7%)中文版：UBUNTU官方指南，人民邮电出版社Practical Guide to Ubuntu Linux by Mark G. Sobell (Prentice Hall) (6.6%)中文版：Ubuntu Linux实用指南，即将由人民邮电出版社图灵公司出版最受欢迎Linux Journal 专栏Cooking with Linux by Marcel Gagné (26.9%)【荣誉入围】Work the Shell by Dave Taylor (15%)Hack and / by Kyle Rankin (14.1%)年度Linux产品华硕 Eee PC (37.3%)【荣誉入围】One Laptop Per Child (17.9%)最受喜爱Linux发行版Ubuntu (37.4%)【荣誉入围】Mandriva (13.9%)Fedora (11.1%)最受欢迎桌面环境GNOME (45.7%)【荣誉入围】KDE (42.5%)最受欢迎网页浏览器Firefox (86%)Opera和Konqueror都低于5%最受欢迎邮件收发程序Mozilla Thunderbird (44.9%)【荣誉入围】Gmail Web Client (19.7%)Evolution (13.4%)KMail (10.1%)最受欢迎办公程序OpenOffice.org (85.1%)AbiWord 和KOffice只有3%最受欢迎内容管理系统WordPress (23.8%)【荣誉入围】Drupal (21.4%)Joomla! (18.9%)最受欢迎数据库MySQL (62.7%)PostreSQL, SQLite, Firebird都未构成威胁最受欢迎编程语言C (26%)【荣誉入围】C++ (25.7%)Java (22.9%)最受欢迎脚本语言Python (28.9%)【荣誉入围】PHP (21.7%)bash (19.8%)Perl (17%)最受欢迎Linux软件开发工具Eclipse (29%)KDevelop, Emacs, GNU autoconf 和 NetBeans 也在发起有力的挑战最受欢迎音频工具Amarok (40.5%)【荣誉入围】XMMS (18.1%)Audacity (12.3%)Rhythmbox (11.9%)最受欢迎媒体播放器MPlayer (34.6%)【荣誉入围】VLC (27.4%)最受欢迎通信工具Pidgin (42%)【荣誉入围】Skype (17.8%)Kopete (12.8%)最受欢迎图形设计工具The GIMP (76.4%)最受欢迎数字照片管理工具digiKam (24.9%)【荣誉入围】Picasa (24.5%)最受欢迎文本编辑器vi (35.3%)【荣誉入围】gedit (15%)vi是在Emacs和vim中脱颖而出的。最受欢迎Linux游戏Frozen Bubble (19.2%)【荣誉入围】Doom (12.3%)Tux Racer (11.7%)最受欢迎备份系统Simple Linux Backup (25.5%)【荣誉入围】Amanda (16.1%)Bacula (16.1%)最受欢迎备份工具tar (35.4%)【荣誉入围】rsync (22.4%)k3b (15.1%)最受欢迎语言构造工具Flex (18.1%)注意，不是Adobe的那个Flex啊。【荣誉入围】Bison (14.7%)javacc (12.8%)最受欢迎安全工具SSH (29.5%)【荣誉入围】iptables (19.4%)最受欢迎包管理程序Apt (35.3%)【荣誉入围】RPM (16.5%)Yum (14.9%)Synaptic (11.6%)最受欢迎系统管理工具OpenSSH (52.7%)最受欢迎Web服务器Apache (90.9%)最受欢迎Linux友好网站托管公司GoDaddy.com (14.7%)【荣誉入围】1&1 (9.8%)DreamHost (9.4%)Rackspace (7.5%)最受欢迎网络或服务器设备Avocent Cyclades ACS Console Server (15.7%)【荣誉入围】Guardian Digital Linux Lockbox (12.7%)最受欢迎Linux手持设备Nokia N800 (43.9%)【荣誉入围】OpenMoko Neo (23.7%)最受欢迎Linux笔记本华硕 Eee PC (34.7%)【荣誉入围】联想 T61p (20%)最受欢迎Linux桌面工作站Dell (30%)【荣誉入围】惠普 (12%)最受欢迎Linux服务器Dell (21%)【荣誉入围】IBM (14%)惠普 (12%)最受欢迎绿色Linux产品或解决方案VMware (42.6%)【荣誉入围】PowerTOP (16.3%) 来源：turingbook原文如下：Back in January and February, we surveyed you, our readers, to find outwhat Linux-based products, tools and services you prefer thesedays. More than 5,900 of you completed the survey, and your favorites are theworthy recipients of the 2008 Readers' Choice Awards. Although some resultsare predictable, many are certain to both interest and surprise you.In this year's competition, we designated only one winner percategory, with strong contenders receiving honorable mention awards.For instance, in the categories where a cluster of formidable contendersfollowed the outright winner, we designated up to three honorable mentions.However, if one product clearly dominated a category (for example, OpenOffice.orgwith 85% in Favorite Office Program or Apache with 92% in FavoriteWeb Server), and the contenders were barely on the radar, there were nohonorable mentions.The developers among you will want us to weigh in on how we dealt withlanguages. We created two categories: Favorite Programming Languageand Favorite Scripting Language. See Technical Editor Michael Baxter'sreasoning in the sidebar, as well as the category contents and winners. Please letus know what you think of our approach.And now, without further ado, we present the 2008 LinuxJournal Readers'Choice Awards.Favorite Primary Linux Distribution of ChoiceUbuntu (37.4%)Honorable MentionsMandriva (13.9%)Fedora (11.1%)In the last LJ Readers' Choice awards, many readerswere “shocked” and“flabbergasted” that the upstart Ubuntu handily took the crown forfavorite distribution. This year, however, there is little surprisethat Ubuntu has won again, garnering nearly triple the votes of itsmost able challenger, Mandriva—supposedly the forgotten distro?Clearly Ubuntu has morphed from the “little distro that could” to the“big distro that did”. How would the results differ if we asked foryour favorite distribution for servers? screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f1.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f1.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Desktop EnvironmentGNOME (45.7%)Honorable MentionKDE (42.5%)Clearly independent decision making is in ample supply in our community,because (despite Nick Petreley's anti-GNOME rants over the years)GNOME is your Favorite Desktop Environment. GNOME barely edged outits also-popular desktop rival, KDE. The result makes sense given thatthe GNOME-defaulting Ubuntu trounces all other distributions. However,the fact that GNOME won by just a few percentage points perhaps meansthat many of you use Ubuntu's sister distribution, the KDE-based Kubuntu?Favorite Web BrowserFirefox (86%)Given our readers' extreme penchant for tinkering, it's no surprisethat we love Firefox and its ever-growing treasure trove of extensions [see“Must-Have Firefox Extensions”, page 80].Firefox wins Favorite Web Browser with 86% of your votes. But where,oh where, have the very capable Opera and Konqueror gone? Fewer than 5%of you named them your favorite browser. Honorable mention for mostcreative response in this category goes to “All I know is that IE7 isworse than dreadful.”screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f3.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f3.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite E-mail ClientMozilla Thunderbird (44.9%)Honorable MentionsGmail Web Client (19.7%)Evolution (13.4%)KMail (10.1%)Although Mozilla Thunderbird did not vanquish its opponents as decidedly asits sibling Firefox did in the browser category, it had more than twicethe support of its nearest rival, the Gmail Web Client, to win FavoriteE-Mail Client. We were a bit surprised to see that only about 7% of you are stillusing text-based e-mail clients, such as Alpine (formerly Pine) and Mutt.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f4.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f4.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Office ProgramOpenOffice.org (85.1%)OpenOffice.org garnered a whopping 85% of the votes to win FavoriteOffice Program, while competitors AbiWord and KOffice squeaked in a barelyperceptible 3% each. Nor did EIOffice, a program that has received muchpraise in our pages in the past, register more than a few votes. OpenOffice.org hasbecome the de facto default office suite for Linux.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f5.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f5.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Audio ToolAmarok (40.5%)Honorable MentionsXMMS (18.1%)Audacity (12.3%)Rhythmbox (11.9%)Perhaps the most feature-rich audio player on any platform, Amarok haswon most of your hearts and minds for Favorite Audio Tool. Meanwhile,the applications XMMS, Audacity and Rhythmbox each have their loyalconstituencies of a bit lesser but similar size, making each worthy ofan honorable mention.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f6.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f6.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Media PlayerMPlayer (34.6%)Honorable MentionVLC (27.4%)This close race in the Favorite Media Player category may be as much atestament to MPlayer's legacy to thankful Linux users everywhere as a votefor excellence. When playing nonfree media content was still a problemfor Linux users, MPlayer was there, leveling the field and making surewe could play anything our Windows-using friends were playing and thensome. VLC, a close second, is growing in popularity for its friendlyinterface and equally adroit ability to play pretty much any format youcan throw at it.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f7.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f7.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Communications ToolPidgin (42%)Honorable MentionsSkype (17.8%)Kopete (12.8%)Pidgin, the messaging tool formerly known as Gaim, readily handled all ofits competitors, garnering 42% of your votes. Pidgin users appreciatethe ability to monitor all of their messaging accounts using one tool.Currently 15 protocols are available, including AIM, Google Talk, NovellGroupWise, ICQ, MySpaceIM, Yahoo and others. Despite Skype's popularity,it remains in Pigin's long shadow—maybe because its closed-sourcecredentials tug at our consciences?screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f8.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f8.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Graphics/Design ToolThe GIMP (76.4%)If anything qualifies as a legendary piece of Linux software, thenThe GIMP certainly has earned that mantle. Winning 76.4% of thevotes, The GIMP wins for Favorite Graphics/Design Tool. As for theothers? “Ouch!” is the collective cry from the other graphicsapplications, such as Inkscape, Scribus and Blender, each of whichreached percentagesonly in the single digits. Notable for its absence is the increasinglyimpressive KDE graphics tool, Krita.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f9.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f9.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Digital Photo Management TooldigiKam (24.9%)Honorable MentionPicasa (24.5%)digiKam, at 24.9%, edged out its image-organizer rival Picasa fromGoogle by a mere 13 votes. Picasa's excellent functionality is powerfulenough to make up for its deficits—its non-FOSS status and Wine-basedemulation. Like its e-mail cousin Gmail, Picasa is an interesting choicegiven that it is not a Linux application, per se. Gmail exists only inGoogle's cloud, and Picasa is—gasp!—a Windows application.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f10.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f10.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Text Editorvi (35.3%)Honorable Mentiongedit (15%)Who would have thought that after all these years, the vi editorwould rule the roost? It beat out every other editor, including Emacsand vim. Three years ago, it didn't even make the top three! Go figure.It is interesting to note that Emacs, KWrite and Kate all scored aboutevenly, clustering around the 10% mark.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f11.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f11.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Linux GameFrozen Bubble (19.2%)Honorable MentionsDoom (12.3%)Tux Racer (11.7%)It is beginning to seem that no game will ever knock FrozenBubble fromits lofty perch as Favorite Linux Game. Not only does FrozenBubblelure you in with its pure simplicity, but also those penguins are just toodarn cute! Doom and Tux Racer,which won honorable mentions, are twomore of your favorites.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f12.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f12.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Virtualization SolutionVMware (38.7%)Honorable MentionVirtualBox (20.4%)Given VMware's meteoric rise during the past few years, it's no surprise tosee it win the gold for Favorite Virtualization Solution. More surprisingis VirtualBox's showing, the application that a fellow publication called“The best virtualization program you've never heard of” in late 2007.VirtualBox's patron, innotek of Germany, was acquired by Sun Microsystemsearlier this year, giving VirtualBox the marketing injection it neededto match its technical prowess. Wine and Xen fared decently in thiscategory too.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f13.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f13.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Backup SystemSimple Linux Backup (25.5%)Honorable MentionsAmanda (16.1%)Bacula (16.1%)In this year's competition, we differentiated between comprehensiveapplications, or systems, and specific utilities. Regarding the FavoriteBackup System category, most of you prefer the no-frills, low-budgetapproach over corporate solutions—that is, the application Simple LinuxBackup. The open-source applications—Amanda, with the Zmanda interfacefor server backup, and Bacula, for network-based backup—also got manyof your votes. Backup also is the category in which the most readersroll their own script-based solutions.Favorite Backup Utilitytar (35.4%)Honorable Mentionsrsync (22.4%)k3b (15.1%)For Favorite Backup Utility, the perpetual winner is the workhorse tar,tallying 35.4% of the vote. Enough of you love rsync and the CD/DVD-authoringapplication k3b to warrant honorable mentions.Favorite DatabaseMySQL (62.7%)MySQL is not only the world's most popular open-source database, it'syour favorite as well. Although PostreSGL, SQLite, Firebird and othersregistered votes, the competition was not fierce. It doesn't hurt thatMySQL runs on more than 20 different platforms.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f14.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f14.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Programming LanguageC (26%)Honorable MentionsC++ (25.7%)Java (22.9%)'Twas the battle of the Cs in the Favorite Programming Language category,with C taking first prize, C++ landing in second and Java in the thirdspot. Don't see your own wildlyfavorite language here? You wouldn't believe the number of“WTFs”we got when readers didn't find Python, Ruby or other languages herebut rather in the scripting language category. Check out that category'sresults, as well as Michael Baxter's explanation in the sidebar for how we differentiatedbetween programming and scripting languages. (No doubt we'll see youin the on-line comments section too!)Programming Languages and Scripting LanguagesWe received a lot of feedback about our on-line survey of favoritelanguages. A particular point from this feedback has been why somelanguages were called scripting languages, and others not. A criterionwas used to decide this, as will be explained. A plethora of issueswas raised in the responses we received, so highlighting some of theissues will contextualize how the criteria emerged for this survey.One simple way of distinguishing computer programming languages iswhether they are compiled or interpreted, which several LinuxJournalreaders pointed out. However, even that is an issue. Java isconsidered as a general-purpose programming language, but nominallythe runtime environment is a Java Virtual Machine. This is verysimilar to a variety of scripting languages actually, including EmacsLisp. However, Java also can be compiled to native machine code. So,for the interpreted versus compiled issue, one might ask, “What kind ofcompiled?”A scripting language could generally be a language that ishosted by another environment. In other words, it's “running on topof something”, whether that be a byte-code interpreter or, in thecase of embedded application use, as an adjunct to another softwareapplication. One also might ask whether the breadth and representativepowerare obtained by libraries, or because of built-ins to the language?Scripting languages also can have object features and work at a higherlevel, or work more like a dynamic language, such as Lisp, which doesmanifest typing. AWK and Python or Perl are arguably scriptinglanguages, but they are quite different in their utility. One mightthink of AWK as slightly easier to use than bash, with theparticularly nice facet of associative arrays. But, Python or Perl (viastrong libraries) are much more powerful, and they are glued tonumerous layers in the complete FLOSS stack. So, the “grainsize” of ascripting language tends to matter as to its utility.One of the scripting languages that was omitted in the original surveywas Tcl, and this was a mistake. Tcl is very popular, especially in certainapplication domains, such as CAD tools, where it is a de factoscripting language. Similarly, upon further reflection, it might beargued that the general-purpose programming language BASIC that ismost in use today is not really a later variant of Kemeney and Kurtz'1964 original, but rather Visual BASIC, arguably a scriptinglanguage. However, that language generally does not run well on Linux,and efforts to bring this particular language to Linux have provokedsome controversy.Based on comparative technical criteria, one could make the case thatJava is a scripting language. Its runtime implementation is strikinglysimilar to Python, though there are clearly very divergent languagesyntax and semantics in both: Python is much less strongly typed. Theproblem is that Java users really don't use it as a scriptinglanguage, and its promoters don't promote it that way either. It'smuch more ubiquitous in any of its roles, such as middle-ware, forcomplete applications, or as a standalone embedded platform. So, aleading clue is that what defines a “scripting language” is notnecessarily decided along strictly technical lines.Perhaps the motivating factor behind what determines whether a languageis a scripting language or programming language is ultimately how acritical mass of users tend to use it. Other factors include how it'spromoted, whether it's standardized, how the user community isresponded to with emergent problems or technical issues, and how theprimary maintainers allow the language to “evolve” where necessary. Areally good way to see this is to compare the number of technical booktitles on computer languages and associated libraries or environmentsin a modest bookstore.Finally, it was this “tendency of use” that was the primary litmus test toassert which language was selected as a programming languageversus as a scripting language. Some respondents have rightly pointedout that this was relatively “arbitrary”, and that there were numerousdissonances along the axis of “compiled” versus“interpreted”. Theyare right. This arbitrariness is borne out, in fact, by the usagepatterns seen; the mass of users themselves really have decided theuse models. Practical and reasonable programmers, in fact, do disagreeon such distinctions.Such divides cut across much more than compiled or not. A largerdivide would appear to be strongly typed versus dynamiclanguages. Another would be functional versus imperative. One dividethat seems to be waning is whether object-oriented is good; we generally seem tobelieve that it is. Despite this general consensus, C is notgoing away any time soon. C is viewed as the most portable high-level“assembly language” there is.I think a conundrum about languages is benign, and actually good news,because it reflects the diversity of choice and utility. If theabsolute ultimate runtime performance is not relevant to a programmingproblem, modern scripting languages are a strong play. One can getmore done with fewer lines of code, if compared with starting a programin the C language. Most are easier to learn and use than, say, C++. Thismay well be a legacy of highly evolved computer technology. If youbelieve that “premature optimization is the root of all evil”, perhaps using a “standard” programming language is one kind ofpremature optimization. A lot of careful thinking has gone intocertain scripting languages, and very strong compilation software isavailable to host these languages. But, these advances in computerscience also derive benefit from late-modern hardwaretechnology. Machines today are so fast that it really is possible touse scripting languages as general-purpose programming languages fornearly any purpose on a wide variety of applications.—Michael Baxter, Technical Editor, Linux JournalFavorite Scripting LanguagePython (28.9%)Honorable MentionsPHP (21.7%)bash (19.8%)Perl (17%)It's no surprise that Python grabbed top honors in the Favorite ScriptingLanguage category, and that PHP, bash and Perl all deserve honorablemention for their strong showings.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f15.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f15.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Language Construction ToolFlex (18.1%)Honorable MentionsBison (14.7%)javacc (12.8%)You know you're reading the right publication when a collective cheerrises up to celebrate the scanner-generator Flex winning a prize.Although Flex took top honors for Favorite Language Construction Tool with18.1% of the votes, its yacc-compatible parser generator, Bison, talliedenough votes for an honorable mention (14.7%), as did the compiler-compilerfor Java, javacc (12.8%). Although this category registered fewer votesthan other categories, nearly 2,000 of you weighed in with your opinions.Favorite Security ToolSSH (29.5%)Honorable Mentioniptables (19.4%)Just as it did in the last edition of this competition, the hyperversatileand hyperfavorite SSH wins this year in the Favorite Security Toolcategory with 29.5% of the votes. You also showed your love for theiptables tool for your packet-filtering tasks, which deserves an honorablemention for garnering 19.4% of the tally.Favorite Linux Software Development ToolEclipse (29%)This year, Eclipse easily eclipsed all of its competitors to win FavoriteLinux Software Development Tool. Although the rest of the votes werewidely dispersed among many different tools—KDevelop, Emacs, GNUautoconf and NetBeans all registered significant vote counts.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f16.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f16.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Package Management ApplicationApt (35.3%)Honorable MentionsRPM (16.5%)Yum (14.9%)Synaptic (11.6%)One of the main reasons so many of you love (K)Ubuntu so much is its sweetpackage management via Apt, this year's victor in the Favorite PackageManagement Application category. Apt won 35.3% of your votes. Many ofyou also cast your votes for the classic RPM (16.5%) and its useful friendYum (14.9%). Meanwhile, a respectable number of you (11.6%) prefer theSynaptic front end on top of Apt to perform your package management tasks.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f17.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f17.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite System Administration ToolOpenSSH (52.7%)The depth of your love for OpenSSH is clear. Not only did you chooseit for Favorite Security Tool (above), but you chose it as FavoriteSystem Administration Tool as well. With 52.7% of your votes,it stands head and shoulders above its nearest competitors.Favorite Content Management SystemWordPress (23.8%)Honorable MentionsDrupal (21.4%)Joomla! (18.9%)Competition was tough for Favorite Content Management System, for you loveyour myriad options. Nevertheless, your favorite application in thiscategory was the blog publisher WordPress (23.8%), which edged out theable Drupal (21.4%) and Joomla! (18.9%) to take the prize. It appearsthat the vast majority of you bloggers are gravitating toward WordPress,while the Webmasters are splitting into Drupal and Joomla! camps.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f18.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f18.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Web ServerApache (90.9%)Rather than offer a Favorite Web Server category, we should just ask“Do you use the Apache Web server, yes or no?” and leave it at that.Apache wins with 90.9% of your votes.Favorite Linux-Friendly Web Hosting CompanyGoDaddy.com (14.7%)Honorable Mentions1&1 (9.8%)DreamHost (9.4%)Rackspace (7.5%)Given the variety of hosting companies available today, it's no surprisethat none of them dominated the voting for Favorite Linux-FriendlyWeb Hosting Company. Although the winner, GoDaddy.com, garnered arespectable 14.7%, the real winner was “Other” with a whopping 42.4%.Nevertheless, hats off to GoDaddy.com for its rapid rise inpopularity—it was absent from our last awards.Favorite Network or Server ApplianceAvocent Cyclades ACS Console Server(15.7%)Honorable Mention Guardian Digital Linux Lockbox (12.7%)As with hosting, the voting for Favorite Network or Server Appliancecategory was diffuse due to the rabbit-like proliferation of usefulproducts in the marketplace. The top vote-getter at 15.7% was the AvocentCyclades ACS Console Server, and following up with honorable mention(at 12.7%) was the Guardian Digital Linux Lockbox.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f20.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f20.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Linux Handheld DeviceNokia N800 (43.9%)Honorable MentionOpenMoko Neo (23.7%)In case you hadn't noticed, many of us Linux Journal editors adore theNokia N800. The N800 won the 2007 awards for Ultimate Linux Handheld,and its predecessor, the N770, would have won the 2006 Editors' ChoiceAward for Best Mobile Device, only we were afraid we never talked aboutanything else. Well, clearly our readers dig it too, because 43.9% of youchose it as your favorite handheld. Keep your eye on the newer OpenMokoNeo 1973, which burst on the scene and grabbed 23.7% of the vote.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f21.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f21.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Linux LaptopASUS Eee PC (34.7%)Honorable MentionLenovo T61p (20%)Is there any surprise that the ASUS Eee PC got 34.7% of the vote towin the Favorite Linux Laptop category handily? Finally, a company createda laptop with Linux in mind and didn't consider Linux as a second-rateafterthought. It also is nice to see that our readers appreciateLenovo's better-late-than-never but admirable effort to pre-installits T61p with SLED. This helped the device win honorable mention.Hopefully, awards like this will encourage Lenovo and others to pre-installall of their laptops with Linux from the start. If you accumulate thevarious models from our Linux-specialist friends like LinuxCertified,EmperorLinux and R Cubed, they fared well as a group too.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f22.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f22.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Who Makes Your Favorite Linux Desktop Workstation?Dell (30%)Honorable MentionHewlett-Packard (12%)It wasn't surprising to see PC giant Dell win top choice in this category with 30% ofthe vote tally. Dell's product line has become more Linux-friendly over the years, whichshows up clearly in your preferences. HP gets an Honorable Mention for its Linuxofferings, and there were lots of write-ins for various verndors in this category, butthey were too diverse to merit a third place award. And of course, many of you chose ahome-brew solution as well.Who Makes Your Favorite Linux Server?Dell (21%)Honorable MentionIBM (14%)Hewlett-Packard (12%)The majority of voters in this category give their server business to the big vendors,such as Dell (winner of both Favorite Desktop Workstation and Server categories), IBM,HP and Sun. Many readers also like to purchase from the smaller mom-and-popshops—with too many write-ins to list here. And, as with the Favorite DesktopWorkstation category, many readers prefer to build their own servers.Favorite Green Linux Product or SolutionVMware (42.6%)Honorable MentionPowerTOP (16.3%)Because virtualization is such a fabulous and popular way to improve theefficiency of your servers, VMware landed the top spot in the FavoriteGreen Linux Product or Solution category. The PowerTOP tool for findingenergy wasters on your systems also is popular and won an honorable mentionat 16.3%. Although many readers earnestly consider energy consumption andenvironmental impacts in their data-center strategy, we were surprisedto see the high number of responses like “Hummer” and “I promote globalwarming”. We wonder with concern, “How much good science is necessaryto convince us of the seriousness of our environmental challenges?”Favorite Linux Book (revised or released in or after January 2007)Linux System Administration by Tom Adelstein and Bill Lubanovic (O'Reilly) (16%)Honorable MentionsLinux System Programming by Robert Love (O'Reilly) (7.2%)Official Ubuntu Book by BenjaminHill (Prentice Hall) (7%)Practical Guide to Ubuntu Linuxby Mark G. Sobell (Prentice Hall) (6.6%)There are so many great Linux books, how can one choose a favorite!Despite the amazing diversity, your clear winner for Favorite Linux Bookis O'Reilly's Linux System Administration by BillLubanovic and LJ regularTom Adelstein. Three other books clustered around the 6–7% mark, one from O'Reilly and two from Prentice Hall. Interestingly, severalof you mentioned that you don't read “analog” printed books anymore,only digital materials.screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f23.inline.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f23.inline.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Favorite Linux Journal ColumnCooking with Linux by Marcel Gagn� (26.9%)Honorable MentionWork the Shell by Dave Taylor (15%)Hack and / by Kyle Rankin (14.1%)screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor='hand'; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open('http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f24.png');}" alt="" src="http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/100/10065/10065f24.png" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt='Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out';}" border=0>Looks like Marcel Gagn� is going to have to be knocked off beforeanyone knocks him off the award stand for Favorite LinuxJournal Column.Marcel's Cooking With Linux column, where Linux must be fun and one handmust remain free to fill the wineglass, has tickled and informed LinuxJournal readers since its inception more than 100 issues ago. The ever-popularDave Taylor also fared well (15%) for his Work the Shell column,and the upstart Hack and / from Kyle Rankin has become quite popular(14.1%) in its short life.Linux Product of the YearASUS Eee PC (37.3%)Honorable MentionOne Laptop Per Child (17.9%)We are pleased to present you with your very own Linux Journal Readers'Choice Product of the Year...drumroll please...the ASUS Eee PC! Once again,we congratulate ASUS for making a great Linux product from the ground upand not as an afterthought. The win is well deserved due to the pureexcitement it has created in our community. And, it's created excitementhere at LJ as well—see Jes Hall's review of the ASUS Eee PC atwww.linuxjournal.com/article/9947, her “Hacking the EeePC” atwww.linuxjournal.com/article/10003 and Shawn Powers' video review atwww.linuxjournal.com/node/1005898. See also “Eee PC Gets anUpgrade” onpage 13 of this issue. We're also pleased to announce that theOLPC wins the Honorable Mention in this category; see Dave Phillips'“Sounding Out with the OLPC XO” on page 46 of this issue.Weigh in on the debate in our on-line forum: www.linuxjournal.com/forums/hot-topics/programming-languages-vs-scripting-languages.James Gray is Linux Journal Products Editor and agraduate student inenvironmental science and management at Michigan State University. A Linuxenthusiast since the mid-1990s, he currently resides in Lansing, Michigan,with his wife and cats.
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